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gender
refers to the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
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gender stratification
the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and priveldge between men and women
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male/female differeces
people think gender distinctions are "natural"-bio makes one sex different than the other
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3 studys that highlight masculine and feminie
- Kibbutz-achieved remarkable social equalityMead's research: studied
- 3 societies in New Guinea/ concluded that culture is jey to gender
- distinction/ findings described as too neat, saw the patterns she was
- looking forMurdock: global agreement on femine and masculine tasks
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critical review: global perspective
- industrialization: muscle power declines, reduces gender differencesb/c
- gender is too variable to be a simple expression of biology, what it
- means to be female and male is mostly a creation of societymatriarchymatriarchyrule of mothersform of social organization in which females dominate males 0 42 Wrong Flip Right
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matriarchy
rule of mothersform of social organization in which females dominate males
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patriarchy
rule of fathers. a form of social organization in which males dominate females
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sexism
belief that one sex is superior than the other
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the cost of sexism
- limits the talents and ambitions of half the human population--womenmasculinity
- in us culture encourages men to engage in high risk behaviors ((linked
- to suicide, violence, and stress related diseases)
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gender and socialization
gender shape human feelings and thoughts
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gender roles
attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex
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gender and family
- female world: cooperation and emotion
- male world: independence and action
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single sex peer groups
male games reinforce aggressions and controlfeam peer groups: interpersonal skills of communication and cooperation
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gender and schooling
women are now the majority of students on college campusesmen are dominant in engineering, physics, philosophywomen- fine arts and social sciences
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gender and the mass media
the mass media reinforces gender rolesadvertising perpetuates the "beauty myth"-society teaches women to measure their worth in terms of physical appearance
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gander and social stratification
gender involves more than how people think or act, it's about social heirarchy
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working women and men
59% of women in the work force, 72: work full time
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gender and occupations
high concentration of women in two types of jobs: administrative work and service work (food, child care, health care)men dominate most categorieswomen are kept out of certain "masculine" jobs
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glass ceiling
invisible barrier above women's heads blocking career, not built into laws or anything
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gender, income and wealth
women earn 78 cents to every man's dollarearn less because of the type of work they do
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societies view of the family
u.s. culture gives more responsibility of parenting to women
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discrimination against women
because it is illegal it's practiced in subtle ways
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housework: womens second shift
essential for family lifelittle rewards for doing it
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gender and education
by 1980, women earned majority of associate and bachelor's degreesdifferences in men's and women's majors are becoming smaller1992-first time women earned majority of post graduate degrees
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gender and politics
19th amendement-right to vote for womenwomen make up half the world's population and hold 18% of 188 parliaments around the worl
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gender and the military
women growing share of the u.s. militarytechnology blurs the distinction between ombat and non combat personnel
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minority
any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a socitey sets apart and subordinates
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intersection theory
the interplay of race, class, gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantagegander doesn't operate alone
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violence against women
gender linked violence occurs in the homeglobally, violence against women is built into culture in different ways
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rape culture
extent of sexual abuse shows the tendency toward sexual violence is built into our way of live
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gender mutilation
extent of sexual abuse shows the tendency toward sexual violence is built into our way of live
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violence against men
80% of cases offender is male52% of all victims of violent crimes are menus culture tends to define masculinity in terms of aggression and violence
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sexual harrasement
refers to comments gestures or physical contacts of a sexual nature that are deliberate repeated and unwantedmost victimes are women sometimes obvious and direct other times subtle
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structural functional approach
views society as a complex sytem of many spate but integrated parts-gender serves as a means to organize social life
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Talcott parsons: gender and complementary
gender forms a complementary set of roleslinks women and men into family untiesgives each sex responsibilty for carrying out important taksgender integrates both struturally and morally
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critical review: structural function
functionalism assumes a singular vision of society that is not shared by everyonein the eyes of those seeking sexual equlity gender complimentary amounts to little more than women submitting to male domination
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social conflict analysis: gender and power
traditional ideas about gender benefit menconventional ideas about gender create division and tension
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friedrich engels:gender and class
capitalism intensifies male domination -creates more wealth, which gives greater power to men as earners and owners of propertydouble exploitation of capitalism : pay men low wages for labor, pay women no wages at all
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critical review: social conflict
- social conflict analysis minimizes the extent to which women and men
- live together cooperativley and often happily, claims that capitalism is
- the root of gender stratification
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feminism
he advocacy of social equality for women and men, in oppositions to patriarchy and sexism-working to increase equality-expanding human choice-eliminating gender strastification-ending sexual violence-promoting sexual freedom
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types of femininsm
liberal, socialist, radical
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opposition to femininsm
-provokes criticism and resistance from those who hold conventional ideas about gender-feminism undervalues contribution women make to development of children-most opposition to feminism is directed toward socialst and radical forms!liberal=supported
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