-
What is the most common cause of bacteremia?
Staph. aureus
(from IDU)
-
What is the most common cause of typical pneumonia
Strep. pneumococcus/pneumoniae
(2nd: Hemophilus influenza)
-
What is the most common cause of bacteria-associated cancer?
H. pylori
(gastric carcinoma)
-
What is the most common bacteria found in the GI tract?
1st: Bacteroides
2nd: E. coli
-
What is the most common brain tumor in adults?
metastasis
- 2nd: astrocytoma (incl. glioblastoma multiforme)
- 3rd: meningioma
- 4th: schwannoma
-
What is the most common brain tumor in children?
medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
-
What is the most common supratentorial brain tumor in children?
craniopharyngioma
-
What is the most common invasive breast cancer?
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
(in USA: 1/9 women develop breast cancer)
-
What is the most common breast mass?
premenopausal women: fibrocystic change
post-menopausal women: carcinoma
-
What is the most common breast tumor?
(benign) fibroadenoma
-
What is the most common microbe found in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia patients?
Klebsiella
- (also:
- Staph. aureus
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- E. coli)
-
What is the most common cause of atypical pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- (also:
- Chlamydia pneumoniae
- Legionella pneumophila)
-
What is the most common primary cardiac tumor in adults?
myxoma
(4:1 left vs right atrium)
-
What is the most common primary cardiac tumor in children?
rhabdomyoma
-
What is the most common cardiac tumor in adults?
metastasis
-
What is the most common cardiomyopathy?
dilated cardiomyopathy
-
What is the most common chromosomal disorder?
Down Syndrome (trisom 21, 18, etc.)
(associated with: ALL, Alzheimer's, endocardial cusion defects, palmar crease)
-
What is the most common chronic arrhythmia?
atrial fibrillation
(high risk of emboli)
-
What is the most common congenital heart defect?
VSD
-
What is the most common cause of constrictive pericarditis?
tuberculosis
-
What is the most common coronary artery involved in thrombosis?
Left Anterior Descending
- (2nd: Right Coronary Artery
- 3rd: Left Coronary Artery)
-
What is the most common cause of "early" cyanosis?
(less common vs "late" cyanosis)
- 3 T's:
- tetralogy of Fallot
- TGA
- truncus arteriosis
-
What is the most common cause of "late" cyanosis?
-
What is the most common demyelinating disease?
multiple sclerosis
-
What is the most common dietary defecit?
iron
-
What is the most common cause of epiglottitis?
Hemophilus influenzae Type B
-
What is the most common esophageal cancer?
SCC
-
What is the most common gene involved in cancer?
p53
(tumor-suppressor gene)
-
What is the most common group affected by cystic fibrosis?
Caucasians
-
What are the most common presenting symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
- mucous plugs
- chronic respiratory infections
- nasal polyps
- fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies
-
What is the most common gynecologic malignancy?
endometrial carcinoma
-
What is the most common cause of a heart murmur?
normal variation/functional murmur
(2nd: mitral valve prolapse, mid-systolic click)
-
What is the most common cause of mitral insufficiency in the USA?
mitral valve prolapse
-
What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis in USA?
chronic rheumatic heart disease
(valves: M > M+A > A > T > P)
-
What is the most common heart valve involved with bacterial endocarditis?
mitral valve
-
What is the most common valve involved with IDU-related bacterial endocarditis?
tricuspid valve
-
What is the most common presenting vitamin deficiency in the US?
folic acid (pregnant women)
-
What is the common clinical presentation of Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis?)
- abdominal pain
- ascites
- hepatosplenomegaly
-
What is the common association with achilles tendon xanthoma?
- Familial hypercholesterolemia
- decreased LDL receptor signalling
-
What is the common clinical presentation of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)?
- adrenal hemorrhage
- hypotension
- DIC
-
What is the common association with arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, and hyperfelxible joints?
- Marfan's syndrome
- fibrillin gene mutation
-
What is the common association with an athlete with polycythemia?
Erythropoietin injection
-
What is the common clinical presentation of Pott's disease (vertebral tuberculosis)?
- back pain
- fever
- night sweats
- weight loss
-
What is the common association with bilateral hilar adenopathy and uveitis?
- sarcoidosis
- noncaseating granulomas
-
What is the common association with blue sclera?
- ostogenesis imperfecta
- collagen defect
-
What is the common association with a bluish line on the gingiva?
- lead poisoning
- "Burton's line"
-
What is the common association with bone pain, bone enlargement, and arthritis?
- Paget's disease of bone
- increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity
- i.e. increased bone turnover
-
What is the common clinical presentation of aortic regurgitation?
- bounding pulses
- diastolic heart murmur
- head bobbinhg
-
What is the common association with "butterfly" facial rash and Raynaud's phenomenon in a young female?
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
-
What is the common association with Cafe au lait spots and Lisch nodules (i.e. iris hamartoma)?
- Neurofibromitosis I: pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas
- Neurofibromitosis II: bilateral acoustic neuromas
-
What is the common association with Cafe au lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, and precocious puberty?
- McCune-Albright Syndrome
- mosaic G-protein signaling mutation
-
What is the common association with calf pseudohypertrophy?
- muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne's)
- X-linked recessive deletion of dystrophin gene
-
What is the common association with a "cherry red" spot on the macula?
- Tay-Sachs disease: ganglioside accumulation
- Niemann-Pick: sphingomyelin accumulation
- central retinal artery occlusion
-
What is the common association with chest pain on exertion?
- angina
- stable: moderate exertion
- unstable: minimal exertion, at rest
-
What is the common association with chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, and persistent fever following an MI?
- Dressler's syndrome
- autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis
- presents 1-12 weeks after acute episode
-
What is the common association with a child using their arms to stand up from a squat?
- Gowers' sign
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy
-
What is the common association with a child who presents with a fevver who develops a red rash on their face that spreads to their body?
- "slapped cheeks"
- erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)
- parvovirus B19 (ssDNA, non-encapsulated)
-
What is the pathology and presentation of Huntington's disease?
- CAG triplet repeat expansion; autosomal dominant
- paternal anticipation
- chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration
-
What is the common association with chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps, and myoglobinuria?
- McArdle's disease
- muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency
-
What is the common association with cold intolerance?
hypothyroidism
-
What is the common association with conjugate lateral gaze palsy and horizontal diplopia?
- internuclear opthalmoplegia
- damage to MLF (medial longitudinal fasciculus)
- bilateral: multiple sclerosis
- unilateral: stroke
-
What is the common association with a continuous "machinery" heart murmur?
- PDA
- tx: close with indomethacin
- open with misoprostol
-
What is the common association with cutaneous/dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition?
- myxedema
- hypothyroidism
- Graves' disease: periorbital
-
What is the common association with dark purple skin/mouth nodules?
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- usually AIDS patients
- associated with HHV-8
-
What is the common association with deep, labored breathing and hyperventilation?
- Kussmaul breathing
- diabetic ketoacidosis
-
What is the common association with dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea?
- pellagra
- niacin (Vit. B3) deficiency
-
What is the common association with dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, and poyneuropathy?
- wet beriberi
- thiamine (Vit. B1) deficiency
-
What is the common association with a dog or cat bite resulting in infection?
- Pasteurella multocida
- cellulitis at inoculation site
-
What is the common association with dry eyes, dry mouth, and arthritis?
- Sjogren's syndrome
- autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands
-
What is the common association with dysphagia, esophageal webs, glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia?
- Plummer-Vinson syndrome
- may progress to esophageal SCC
-
What is the common association with elastic skin and hypermobility of joints?
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- type III collagen defect
-
What is the common association with an enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node?
- Virchow's node
- abdominal metastasis
-
What is the common association with erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and atypical T cells?
- Sezary syndrome
- cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
mycosis fungoides
-
What is the common association with facial muscle spasm upon tapping?
- Chvostek's sign
- hypocalcemia
-
What is the common association with fat, female, forty, and fertile?
- acute acholelithiasis
- bile duct blockage
-
What is the common association with fever, chills, headache, and myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis?
- Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
- rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release
-
What is the common association with fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, and a diffuse rash?
-
What is the common association with fever, night sweats, and weight loss?
B symptoms (lymphoma)
-
What is the common association with fibrous plaques in the soft tissue of the penis?
- Peyronie's disease
- connective tissue disorder
-
What is the common association with gout, mental retardation, and self-mutilation in a boy?
- Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
- HGPRT deficiency
- X-linked recessive
-
What is the common association with green-yellow rings around the peripheral cornea?
- Kayser-Fleischer rings
- copper accumulation
- Wilson's disease
-
What is the common association with hamartomatous GI polyps and hyperpigmentation for mouth/feet/hands?
- Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
- genetic benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction
- increased cancer risk
-
What is the common association with hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, and neurologic symptoms?
- Gaucher's disease
- glucocerbrosidase deficiency
-
What is the common association with hereditary nepthritis, sensorineural hearing loss, and cataracts?
- Alport syndrome
- mutation in alpha chain of collagen IV
-
What is the common association with hypercoagulability leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis?
- Trousseau's sign
- adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung
-
What is the common association with hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, and hyperdocility?
- Kluver-Bucy syndrome
- bilateral amygdala lesion
-
What is the common association with hyperreflexia, hypertonia, and a positive Babinski sign?
UMN damage
-
What is the common association with hypertension hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis?
- Conn's syndrome
- aldosterone-producing adenoma
-
What is the common association with hyporeflexia, hypotonia, and atrophy?
LMN damage
-
What is the common association with hypoxemia, polycythemia, and hypercapnia?
- "Blue Bloater"
- chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of mucous cells
-
What is the common association with indurated, ulcerated genital lesions?
- nonpainful: chancre, primary syphilis, Treponema pallidum
- painful, with exudate: chancroid, Haemophilus ducreyi
-
What is the common association with an infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, and neurodegeneration?
- Niemann-Pick disease
- genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency
-
What is the common association with an infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatosplenomegaly?
- Cori's disease
- debranching enzyme deficiency
-
What is the common association with infants with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defects?
- Edward's syndrome
- trisomy 18
-
What is the common association with keratin pearls on a skin biopsy?
squamous cell carcinoma
-
What is the common association with a large rash with bull's-eye appearance?
- erythema chronicum migrans: Ixodes tick bite
- Lyme disease: Borrelia
-
What is the common association with a lucid interval after traumatic brain injury?
- epidural hematoma
- middle meningeal artery rupture?
-
What is the common association with a male child who has recurrent infections and no mature B cells?
- Bruton's disease
- X-linked agammaglobulinemia
-
What is the common clinical presentation of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa)?
- prolonged bleeding time
- mucosal bleeding
-
What is the common association with multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, and impacted/supernumerary teeth?
- Gardner's syndrome
- subtype of FAP
-
What is the common association with myopathy, especially infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and exercise intolerance?
- Pompe's disease
- lysosomal alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency
-
What is the common association with necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis?
- Wegener's syndrome: c-ANCA positive
- Goodpasture's syndrome: anti-basement membrane antibodies
-
What is the common association with a neonate with arm paralysis following a difficult birth?
- Erb-Duchenne palsy
- superior trunk (C5-C6) brachial plexus injury: "waiter's tip"
-
What is the common association with no lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, and cold intolerance?
- Sheehan's syndrome
- pituitary infarction
-
What is the common association with a nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, and bilateral internuclear opthalmoplegia?
multiple sclerosis
-
What is the common association with oscillating slow/fast breathing?
- Cheyne-Strokes respirations
- central apnea in CHF or increased cranial pressure
-
What is the common association with painful blue fingers/toes and hemolytic anemia?
- cold agglutin disease
- autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae or infectioius mononucleosis
-
What is the common association with painful, pale, cold fingers/toes?
- Raynaud's syndrome
- vasospasm in extremities
-
What is the common association with painful, raised red lesions on palms and soles?
- Osler's node
- infective endocarditis
-
What is the common association with painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles?
- Janeway lesions
- infective endocarditis
-
What is the common association with painless jaundice?
cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct
-
What is the common association with palpable purpura on buttocks/legs, joint pain, and abdominal pain in a child?
- Henoch-Schonlein purpura
- IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys
-
What is the common association with pancreatic, pituitary, and parathryoid tumors?
-
What is the common association with pink complexion, cyspnea, and hyperventilation?
- "Pink Puffer"
- emphysema
- centroacinar: emphysema
- panacinar: alpha-1-anti-trypsin deficiency
-
What is the common association with polyuria, acidosis, growth failure, and electrolyte imbalances?
- Fanconi's syndrome
- proximal tubular reabsorption defect
-
What is the common association with a positive anterior "drawer sign"?
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
-
What is the common association with ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis?
- Horner's syndrome
- sympathetic chain lesion
-
What is the common association with a pupil that accomodates but doesn't react?
- Argyll Robertson pupil
- neurosyphilis
-
What is the common association with rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascends (following GI/upper respiratory infection)?
- Guillain-Barre syndrome
- autoimmune acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
-
What is the common association with a rash on palms and soles?
- Coxsackie A
- secondary syphilis
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever
-
What is the common association with recurrent colds, unusual eczema, and high serum IgE?
- Hyper-IgE syndrome
- Job's syndrome: neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality
-
What is the common association with red "currant jelly" sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
-
What is the common association with red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola?
- Paget's disease of the breast
- represents underlying neoplasm
-
What is the common association with red urine in the morning and fragile RBC's?
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
-
What is the common association with renal cell carcinoma (bilateral), hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, and pheochromocytoma?
- von Hippel-Lindau disease
- dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation
-
What is the common association with resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, and postural instability?
- Parkinson's disease
- nigrostriatal dopamine depletion
-
What is the common association with retinal hemorrhages with pale centers?
- Roth's spots
- bacterial endocarditis
-
What is the common association with severe jaundice in neonate?
- Crigler-Najjar syndrome
- congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
-
What is the common association with severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness?
- McBurney's sign
- appendicitis
-
What is the common association with short stature, increased incidence of tumors/leukemia, and aplastic anemia?
- Fanconi's anemia
- genetic loss of DNA crosslink repair
- often progresses to AML
-
What is the common association with a single palm crease?
- simian crease
- Down syndrome
- Trisomy 21
-
What is the common association with situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiecstasis, and infertility?
- Kartagener's syndrome
- dynein arm defect affecting cilia
-
What is the common association with skin hyperpigmentation?
- Addison's disease
- primary adrenocortical insufficiency
- increased ACTH and alpha-MSH production
-
What is the common association with slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys
- Becker's muscular dystrophy
- X-linked missense mutation in dystrophin
- less severe than Duchenne's
-
What is the common association withsmall, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers?
- Koplik spots
- measles
- rubeola virus
-
What is the common association with smooth, flat, moist white lesions on genitals?
- condylomata lata
- secondary syphilis
-
What is the common association with splinter hemorrhages in fingernails?
bacterial endocarditis
-
What is the common association with "strawberry tongue"?
- Scarlet fever
- Kawasaki disease
- toxic shock syndrome
-
What is the common association with streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horeshoe kidney, and cystic hygroma at birth?
- Turner syndrome
- 45XO
- short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema
-
What is the common association with sudden swolen/painful big toe joint and tophi?
- gout/podagra
- hyperuricemia
-
What is the common association with swollen gums, mucous bleeding, poor wound healing, and spots on skin?
- scurvy
- vitamin C deficiency
- can't hydroxlyate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis
-
What is the common association with swollen, hard, painful finger joints?
- osteoarthritis
- osteophytes on PIP, DIP
-
What is the common association with systolic ejection murmur with crescendo-decrescendo quality?
aortic valve stenosis
-
What is the common association with thyroid and parathyroid tumors and pheochromocytoma?
- MEN 2A
- autosomal dominant ret mutation
-
What is the common association with thyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma, and ganglioneuromatosis?
- MEN 2B
- autosomal dominant ret mutation
-
What is the common association with toe extension or fanning upon plantar scrape?
- Babinski sign
- (UMN) lesion
-
What is the common association with unilateral facial drooping involving forehead?
- Bell's palsy
- LMN, CN VII palsy
-
What is the common association with urethritis, conjunctivits, and arthritis in a male?
reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27
-
What is the common association with a vascular birthmark (port-wine stain)?
- hemangioma
- benign
- associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome
-
What is the common association with vomiting blood following esophagogastric lacerations?
- Mallory-Weiss syndrome
- alcoholic and bulimic patients
-
What is the common association with "waxy" casts with very low urine flow?
chronic end-stage renal disease
-
What is the common association with WBC casts in urine?
acute pyelonephritis
-
What is the common association with weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, and adenopathy?
- Whipple's disease
- Tropheryma whippelii
-
What is the common association with a complaint of "the worst headache in my life"?
subarachnoid hemorrhage
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