psych test 2

whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve. in other words, the neurons action potential always conveys the same kind of info

we perceive color by comparing the responses of three types of cones. long and medium wavelength cones are more abundant than short so its yeaseir to see yellow, red or green than blue.

brain sees color on a continuum from red to green adn another from yellow to blue. we perceive color in termed of paired opposites. explains why we cant see redissh green or bluish yellow. explains negative color after images

color perception requires some reasoning, not simply stimulation. the cortex compares info from various areas in teh retinea to determine the brightness and color perception for each area.

the ability to recognize the color of an object, even if the lighting changes. accomplished by comparing the color of one object with the color of another

the part of the visual field to which only one neuron responds; for a given receptor, the point in space from which incoming light strikes the receptor

the reduction of activity in one nearuon by activityu in neighboring neurons. the reintas way of sharpening contrasts to emphasize the border between one object and the next

small ganglion cell bodies and small receptive field, located near fovea. detect visual detail and color. all axons go to lateral geniculate nucleus

larger ganglion cell bodies and receptive fields, distributed fairly evenly thorught retina. respond to moving stimuli and pattersn. not color sensitive or detial sensitive. most axons go to lgn but some go to other visual areas of the thalamus.

small ganglion cell bodies that occur throughout the retina. axons go to lgn, thalamus and superior colliculus

magnocellular path. from ventral branch to temporal cortex

magnocellular path from the dorsal branch to teh parietal cortex

parvocellular path to temporal cortex

mixed parvo/magnocellular path to temporal cortex

visual paths in temporal cortex. the what pathway specialized for identifying and recognizing objects. if damaged, we can find and pick up objects but cannot describe them

visual path in parietal cortex. the where adn how path. helps motor system find objects move ward them and pick them up. if damaged, we can describe object but cant find and pick them up

fixed small receptive field, found in primary visual cortex. have fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones and most have bar or edge shaped receptive fields, which may be horizontal vertical or intermediate

large receptive field. located in area v1 or v2; cannot be mapped into excitartroy or inhibitory zones. respond to a light in a particular orientation anywhere within large receptive field. receive input from combo of simple cells

neurons whos reponses indicate the presence of a particular visual feature (square or round) waterfall effect

inablility to recognize some objects. can describe but dont kno what they are

inability to recognize faces, identify individuals. can still read and recognize person by their voice. inferior temporal cortex area (fusiform gyrus) especially active in recognition of faces

both parovecullular and konicellular pathways

magnocellular pathway

the ability to perceive depth based on the discrepancies between the visual input from each eye. accomplished through the magnocellular pathway

middle temporal and medial superior temporal

stimulus moving in a particular direction

expansion, contraction, or rotation of large visual scene (moving borders within their receptive fields, when an object moves a certain direction relative to its background) allows us to distinguish btwn the result of eye movements and result of moving objects

amount and duration of activity in the cortical area

loss of visual field but person can still point out objects or light in the blind field. some healthy tissue remains to provide this

consciousness is distributed over several cortical areas is the most dominant hypothesis

cartilage attached to the side of the head that laters reflecitons of sound waves and therefore helps us locate sounds

the typanic membrane or eardrum vibrates at the same frequency as incoming sounds waves

hammer, anvil and stirrup

snail shaped structure of the inner ear that contains three fluid filled tunnels

the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane of teh cochlea

basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency of sound, causing auditory neurons to produce action potentials at the same frequency. but neaurons cant fire abouve 1000 hz becuase of refractory period, so something else must be happening

each area of basilar membrane vibrates to a different frequency..but basilar membrane is bound together and no part can vibrate separatley

at low frequencies, the frequency of impulses identifies the pitch, and the number of firing cells identifies the loudness. up to 100 hz, basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony and audiory neurons produce one active potential per wave. at higher frequencies neurons fire only to some of the wayves but are phase locked to peaks of cells (ex - neuron fires on every 2nd 3rd or 4th wave)

the auditory nerve as a whole can have colleys of impulses u;p to 4000 hz per second even though no individual nearoun can fire that quickly. most hearing about 4000 jhhz not important in human speech or muisc, bnut when we hear sounds in higher frequencies, a mechanism similar to place theory takes over

output of inner ear goes to several subcortical structures. corssover occurs at midbrain so that each ehmipehr of forebrain gets major input from opposite ear

a cell respnds best to ne tone and cells preferring a given tone cluster together. damange impairs ability to reconzie complex/sequential sound such as music or convo; simple sounds not affected. the cortex is not essential for all hearing but for advanced processing of sound

monitors movement of head, directs eye compensation andmaintains balance. adjacent to cochlea. consists of saccule, utricle, and thee semicircular canals

detect sudden displacements or high frequency vibrations on the skin (onion like structure)

hairless area only which detects sudden displacement and low frequency vibrations on skin

detect pain, warmth and cold

detect stretch of skin

detect indentation of skin

sensation of the body and its movemenets

opioid mechanisms. these are the systems that respond to opiates and similar chemcial compounds like narcotics, morphine etc. toperate by blicking the relaease of subtance p

bind to opiate receptors and are stimulated by pain, sex, long distance running ,a dn thrilling music

spinal cord receives messages formpain recpetors but also other skin recpetors and axons descending from the brain. these other inputs sometimes close the gate for the pain messages. the gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by info coming back from the brain

auto immune disease. immune system anti bodies attack acetocholine receptors. wakness and rapid fatigue of muscles because motor neurons cant constantly produce maximum acetylcholine necessary to move muscles normally. reated by drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase

receptor that is sensitive to the position or movement of a part of the bbody. it detects the strech and tension of a muslce and sends mesages to the spinal cord to adjust