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How do you find the sensitivity requirement?
- Put 6mg on one side of the balance and measure the deviation, then put 10g on both sides and add 6mg on one side and measure the deviation and compart to the deviation
- PLot the weight against the number of scale divisions shifted by each weight on graph paper
- Make a straight line and measure the weight that will cause a shift of one scale division
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What is the equation for percent error?
Percent error = [(sensitivity requirement)(100)]/[quatity desired]
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What is the equation for the smallest quantity to be weight?
Smallest quantity to be weight = [(Sensitivity requirment)(100)]/[Permissible percent of error]
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What is the aliquot method?
- Weigh a multiple of the quantitydesired
- Dilute the multiple in a suitable manner
- Weigh or measure an aliquot of the final mixture
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What is geometric dilution?
When mixing a small amount of drug (mg level) with a large amount of a second. the drug is placed in the mortar with equal bulk of the other ingrediant. The two ingredients are triturated until intimately mixed . Then equal bulk of the second ingredients is added to the mixture and the powders are intimately mixed
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Define: capsule
Are solid dosage forms in which the drug substances is enclosed in either a hard or solf , soluble container of shell of a suitable form of gelatin
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What is the punch method?
- Manually filling capsules one by one
- Flatten the powder so that it is no greater than 1/3 the length of the capsule
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What is the most common solid dosage form?
Tablet
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Define: tablet
Unit form of solid drugs prepared by compaction
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Define: stick
- topical medicated dosage form for adminsitrating topical medications
- Chapstick
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What are the two methods for preparing onintments?
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WHat is the incorporation method?
The components of the ointments are mixed together by various means until a uniform preparation has been atained
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Define: ointment
Are semi-solid preparations containing dissolved or dispersed drugs or no drugs intended for external application to the body
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Define: cream
- are emulsified ointments
- Viscous liquid or semisolid emulsions systems either oil in water or the water in oil "creamy white" appearance
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What method is generally used to make creams?
- Fusion
- (THe oil and aqueous phases are heated separately, the emulsifier agent is added to the aqueous phase and the emulsion is formed by slow addition of the oil phase)
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Define: lotion
are usually liquid suspensions of emulsions intended for external application to the skin and mucosa
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Define: pastes
basucally ointments into which a higher percent of insoluble solids have been added, as much as 50% by weight in some instances
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cream: cetyl ester wax
stiffening agent
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cold cream: mineral oil
oleagenous vehicle
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cold cream: water
aqueous vehicle
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cream: sodium borate
emulsifing agent
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paste: starch
stiffening agent
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lotion: zinc oxide, calamine
active ingredients with protectant and astringent properties
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lotion: glycerin
levigating agent
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lotion: microcrytalline cellulose
suspending agent
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lotion: carboxymethylcellulose
suspending agent
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lotion; calcium hydroxide solution
- aka lime water
- vehicle with antringent property
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Define: gel
- are semisolid systems consisting of suspnsions made up of either small inorganic particles or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a liquid
- are semigrid systems in which the movement of the dispensing medium is restricted by an interlacing three dimensional network
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What gelling agent is primarly used in aqueous systems
carbomer
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gel: hydroxypropylcellulose
gelling agent
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gel: propylene glycol
levigating agent
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gel: polysorbate 80
- tween 80
- solubilizing agent
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gel: 70% isopropyl alcohol
solvent, vehicle
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gel: carbomer 934
gelling agent
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define: suppositories
are solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body orifices where they melt, soften, or dissolve and exert localized or systemic effects
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What are the three classes of suppository bases?
- fatty/oleagenous
- water miscible bases
- miscellaneous, combination of lipophilic and hydrophilic bases
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What are fatty/oleagenous bases?
- cocoa butter
- hydrogenated fatty acids of vetgetable oils
- kernal oil
- fatty acid glyceride such are glyceryl monopalmitate
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What suppository base melts body temperature to release the medicament
fatty/oleagenous bases
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what is an example of water-miscible base?
polyethylene glycol
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What type of suppository base dissolve in the body cavity?
water miscible
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What are the two methods of making suppositories?
- molding from a melt
- cold compression
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suppository: PEG
water miscible bases
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define: solutions
as liquid preparations that contain one or more soluble chemical substances usually dissolved in water or water miscible pharmaceutical solvents and that do not, by reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation or used, fall into other groups of product
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define: elixirs
aqueous pharmaceuticl solutions sweetened hydroalcoholic
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define: syrups
aqueous pharmaceutical solutions containing sugar
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What is a simple solution?
composed of one substances
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what is compound solution?
solution containing more than on esolute
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What is a chemical solution?
solutions whose components are the product of a chemical reaction
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What is a saturated solution?
Solutions containing all the solute that the solvent will hold
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define: solvent
compose the major portion of a solution
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Drugs adminstered as __________ liquids are generally absorbed much more rapidly
aqueous liquids
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solution: polysorbate 20
levigating agent
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solution: ethanol 95%
co-solvent
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solution: sodium saccharin
sweetner
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solution: sodium benzoate
antimicrobial
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solution: sorbitol 70% solution
sweetner
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solution: tween 80
solubilizing agent
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solution: sodium saccharine
sweetener
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solution: lemon oil
flavor agent
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solution: citric acid
acidifier/stabilizer
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solution: glycerin
thickening
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solution: methylparaben
preservative
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What are the components of an syrup?
- sugar
- antimicrobial preservative
- flavorants
- colorants
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What is the concentration of sugar in simple syrupe NF
85%
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define: elixir
are clear sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended and are usually flavored to enhance pala
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What percent of alcohol is needed to make it self preserved?
10 to 12 percent
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elixir: glycerin
levigating agent
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elixir: sodium chloride
stabilizer
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elixir: sodium benzoate
antimicrobial
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syrup: benzoic acid
antimicrobial preservative
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syrup: disodium calcium EDTA
chelating agent, stabilizer
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syrup: propylene glycol
thickening agent, co-solvent, sweetner
-
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syrup: saccharin
sweetner
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define: suspension
are preparations containing finely divided drug particles (suspensoid) distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle (dispersion medium)
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what are the problems presented to a suspension?
- aggregation
- sedimentation
- impaction
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suspension: glycerylmonostearate
suspending agent
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suspension: glycerin
levigating
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suspension: sodium lauryl sulfate
surfactant
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suspension: methylparaben
preservative
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suspension: propylparaben
preservative
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define: emulsions
is a dispersion in which the dispersed phase (internal phase) is composed of smal globules of a liquid distributed throughout a vehicle/medium (external phase) in which it is imiscible
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emulsion: cottonseed oil
oleagenous phase solvent
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emulsion: polyoxyethylene sorbitan-monostearate (tween 60)
emulsifier agent
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emulsion: sorbitan monooleate
emulsifier agent
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emulsion: sodium saccharin
sweetener
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emulsion: methylparaben
preservative
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emulsion: sodium benzoate
preservative
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