Med Terms ch. 11 and 12

• fluid that passes from teh blood through the capillary walls of the glomerli of the kidney
• similar to plasma but with less protein.

• products of cellular metabolism that ontain nitrogen
• include urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and ammonia

serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity

instrument for examining the bladder

bladder

bladder/

• hernia of the bladder aka cystocele
• may lead to incomplete emptying of the bladder

stone, calculus

crushing of a stone

opening, meatus

• incision of the meatus
• performed to relieve stenosis of the urethra, which may inhibit the proper passage of urine or semen

fixation of kidney

renal pelvis

surgical repair of the renal pelvis

stone in urinary stract

dilation of ureter

narrowing or stricture of the urethra

glans penis

incision of the epididymis

testes

testes

inflammation of testes

downward displacement of the testes

excision of a testis

sweling, hernia

dilated vein

• swelling of a dilated vain
• variocle is a dilation of the veins of the spermatic cord, the structure that spports the testicles

• removal of all or part of the vas deferens
• vilateral vasectomy is a to produce sterility inthe male

inflammation of the seminal vesicle

nitrogenous compounds

nitrogenous compounds in the blood

hidden

• conditino of hidden testes aka cryptochism
• failure of testes to descend into the scrotum; usually a congenital disorder

• excessive and frequent urination after going to bed
• associated with prostate disease, uti, and uncontrolled diabetes

scanty

decreseased production of sperm

flow or discharge of pus

pus

forming or producing stones

slit, fissure

• a fissure under the penisabnormal condtion of stones or calculi
• a congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the underside of the glans penis instead of te tip

• separatino across
• renal dialysis is a procedure that uses a membrane to seperate and selectively remove waste products from blood when kidneys are unable to complete this function

pertaining to behind the peritoneum

retention of excessive amounts of nitrogenous compounds in the blood; aka uremia

• blockage at base of bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
• BNO can be caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder stones, bladder tumors, or tumors in the pelvic cavity

• kidneys begin to lose their ability to maintain volume and composition of body fluids with normal dieary intake
• result of decreased numbers of functioning nephrons in the kidneys

condition in which kidney function is permanately lost

• involuntary discharge of urine; aka incontinence
• enuresis at night called nocturnal enuresis
• during teh day called diurnal enuresis

• abnormal passage from a holllow organ to the surface or from one organ to another
• most common urinary fistula is the vesicovaginal fistula

involuntary delay in initiating urination

abnormal dilation of the renal pelivs adn the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract

• loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin by way of urine due to increased pereability of the glomerular membrane
• hypoproteinemia, edem, and hy[erlipidemia commony associated with nephrotic syndrome

inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develp in the kidneys

disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually due to impairment of the valve between the ureter adn bladder or obstruction in the ureter

rapidly developing malignant neoplasm of the kidney that usually occurs in children

• failure to form or ejaculate semen
• don't confuse with azoospermia, which is absence of sperm in the ejaculate

• inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis
• uncircumcised men with poor personal hygiene are prone to this disorder

absence of sperm in the ejaculate

malformation in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis

• accumulation of serous fluid in a saclike cavity, especially the testes adn associated structures
• common in male newborns but usually resolves in the first year

developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis, or in extreme cases, on the perineum

stenosis or narrowing or preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be retracted over teh glans penis

swelling and distesion of veins of the spermatic cord

• the physician inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum.
• in males, also evaluateds teh size of prostate

• measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in teh rectum and urethra
• determines whether incontinence is due to weak muscles or other causes

• for abnormal lumps or swellings in the scrotal sac
• testicular cancer is the number 1 cancer killer in men ages 20-30

endoscopy of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, obtaining biopsies of tumors or other growths, and removal of polyps

• endoscopy of the kidneys that visulaizes and irrigates the kidney
• nephroscope is passed thorugh a small incision made in the renal pelivs.
• kidney pahtology and congenital deformities may be observed

• test that determines the amount of urea nitrogen present in a blood sample
• because urea is cleared from the bloodstream by the kidneys, the BUN test is used as an indicator of kidney function

test that determines the causative orgaism of a disease and how the organism responds to various antibiotics

blood test used to detect prostatic disorder, esp. prostatic cancer

• procedure that asses volume and pressure in the bladder at various stagesof filling using saline adn a contrast medium introduced into teh bladder through a catheter
• primary test used to investigate stress incontinence and urge incontinence

• radioraphic exam of the kidneys and urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; aka excretory urography
• detects kidney stones, enlarged prostate, internal injuries after an accident or trauma and tumors in the kidneys, ureters and bladder

• determine location, size and shape of thekidneys in relationship to other organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and to identify abnormalities of the urinary system
• identifies stones and calcified areas and does not require a contrast medium

• radiological exam of the bladder and urethra performed before, durig, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
• VCUG is performed to detemrine the cause of repeated bladder infections or stress incontinence and to identify congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the bladder and urethra

method of removing waste from the blood by shunting it from the body, passing it through an artificial kidney machine where it is filtered adn then returning the dialyzed blood to the patient's body

• removal of toxic substances from teh body by perfusing the peritoneal cavity with a warm sterile chemical solution
• the peritoneal avity is used as teh dialyzing membrane

removal of all or part of prepuce of the penis

fixation of a floating or mobile kidney

• removal of one or both testes
• for serious disease or injury to teh testes or to control cancer of the prostate

clip away at the prostate gladn to remove the obstruction and flushing out the chips adn sending them for analysis to detect possible evidence of cancer

• treat bacterial infections of urinary tract
• ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim

• decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, allowing normal empying of the bladder
• bladder spasms can result from such conditions as uti and catheterization
• oxybutynin

furosemide, spironolactone

testosterone base and testosterone cypionate

• treat erectile dysfunction
• sildenafil citrate and vardenafil

• female= vulva
• male= penis, scrotum, testicles

mouth; entrance or outlet of any anatomical struture

time after childbirth that lasts approx 6 weeks, during which the anatomical and physiological changes brought about by pregnancy resolve and a woman adjusts to the new or expanded responsibilities of motherhood and nonpregnant life

• days 1-5
• endometrium sloghs off

• days 6-14
• menstruation ceases
• endometrium begins to thicken
• as a result, estrogen level rises
• several ova begin to mature with only one reaching maturity
• at about day 14, the grafian follicle ruptures, and the egg travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus

• days 15-28
• empty grafian follicle becomes corpus luteum
• estrogen and estrogen secretions stimulate the building of the endometrium to get ready for implantation
• if implantation does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates as est and progest levels decline

vagina

visual exam of the vagina

milk

production of milk

• forming or producing milk
• lactogen refers to any stbstance that stimulates milk production, such as a hormone

woman, female

uterus

uterus

pertaining to the lining of the uterus

radiographyof teh breast

• surgical fixation of the breasts
• reconstructive, cosmetic surgery to affix sagging breasts

• bursting forth of the menses
• an excessive amount of menstrual flow over a longer duration than normal

uterus; measure

prolapse or downward displacement of the uterus

birth

ovary

rupture of an ovary

ovarian tumor

• suture of the perineum
• to repair an episiotomy or a laceration that occurs during delivery of the fetus

tube

surgical repair of a fallopian tube

beginning

pregnancy

false pregnancy

pregnant woman

woman who has been pregnant more than once

to bear offspring

woman who has never produced a viable offspring

tube

• blood in a fallopian tube; aka hematosalpinx
• commonly assoc. with a tubal pregnancy

childbirth, labor

difficult childbirth

• tipping or turning back of an organ
• retroversion of the uterus occurs in one of every four otherwise healthy women

tipping or turning of an organ forward of an organ

painful menstruation

inflammation of tissue within the uterus

woman who has delivered more than one viable infant

woman during her first pregnancy

• accessory parts of a structure
• adnexa uteri are the ovaries and fallopian tubes

congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening, such as the vagina

• malignant neoplasm of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy
• unknown cause may occur after pregnancy or abortion

occurence of pain during sexual intercourse

inflammation of the mucous lining of the cervix uteri

• benign uterine tumors composed of muscle and fibrous tissue
• aka leiomyomas, myomas, and fibromyomata uteri

region between the vulva and the anus that constitutes teh pelvic floor

pus in the fallopian tube

painful spasm of the vagina from conraction of its surrounding muscles

premature separation of a normally situated placenta

• membrane, continuous with and covering the fetal side of the placenta, that forms the outer surface of the umbilical cord
• fetus is suspended in amniotic fluid

common abnormality of delivery in which the fetal buttocks or feet present first rather than the head

difficult labor, which may be produced by the large size of the fetus or small size of the pelvic outlet

• most serious form of toxemia during pregnancy
• signs include high bp, edema, convulsions, renal dysfunction, proteinuria, and in severe cases, coma

pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum does not reach the uterine cavity but becomes implanted on any tissue other than the lining of the uterine cavity such as a fallopian tube, an ovary, the abdomen, or even the cervix uteri

woman who has been pregnant more than once

woman who has deliverd more than one viable infant

process of giving birth

• condition in which the placenta is attached near the cervix and ruptures prematurely, which spotting as the early symptom
• prevention of hemorrhage may necessitate a cesarean delivery

• delivery of pressurized air or gas into a cavity, chamber, or organ to allow visual examination, remove an obstruction, or apply medication
• to increase the distance between structures so physican can see more clearly adn better diagnose possible disorders

test for patency of the uterine tubes made by transuterine insufflation with co2; aka Rubin test

visual exam of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument

visual exam of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisinos in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus

• sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects
• obtained through a catheter inserted into the uterus

• removal of a sample of uterine endometrium for microscopic study
• used in fertility assesment to confirm ovulation and as a diagnostic tool to determine teh cause of dysfuctional and postmenopausal bleeding

• cytological study used to detect abnormal cells sloughed from the cervix and vagina
• to screen for and diagnose cervical cancer

radiographic exam of the breast to screen for breast cancer

• radiography of the uteru and uteine tubes following injection of contrast medium
• used to detemine pathology in the uterine cavity, evaluate tubal patency, and determines the cause of infertility

• sutring the cerix to prevent it from dilating prematurely during pregnancy, thus decreasing the chance of a spontaneous abortion. sutures are removed prior to delivery
• aka "purse string" procedure

surgical closure of the vaginal canal

excision of a cone-shaped piece of tissue, such as mucosa of the cervix, for histological examination

• sampling of fetal blood drawn from the umbilical vein and performed under ultrasound guidance
• identify hemolytic diseases or genetic abnormalities

• process of freezing tissue to destroy cells
• used for chronic cervical infections and erosions becase offending organisms may be entrenched in cervical cells and glands. The process destroys these infected areas and, in the healing process, normal cells are replenished

widening of the cervical canal with a dilator and scraping of the uterine endometrium with a curette

repair of a lacerated vulva or an episotomy

incision of the perineum from the vaginal orifice usually done to prevent tearing of the tissue and to facilitate childbirth

cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes remain

cervix is removed but the ovaries and fallopian tubes remain

removal of uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries

plastic or metal object placed inside the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg in teh uterine lining

breast enlargement to increase breast size or to replace one that has been surgically removed

excisiono f the entire breath

• excision of entire breast, nipple, areola, and involved overlying skin
• lymph nodes are removed only if they are included in teh breast tissue being removed

• excision of entire breast including lymph nodes in the underarm
• most common

excision of enire breat, all underarm lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles under the breast

excision of a myomatous tumor, generally uterine

common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is gradually injected to increase size,and the expander is then placed with a more permanant implant

surgical creation of a skin flap using skin and fat from lower hal fof the abdomomen which is pased under the skin to the breast area

• excision of an ovary and fallopian tube
• usually identified as right, left, or bilateral

procedure that ties the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy

• treat yeast infection by altering yeast cell membrane or interfering with a metabolic process
• miconazole, nystatin

• treat symptoms of menopause
• conjugated estrogens

• prevent ovulation
• desogestrel/ethinyl estradiol
• ethinyl estradiol/norgestrel

• induce labor at term by increasing the strength and frequency of uteine contractions and also used postpardom to control bleeding after expulsion of placenta
• oxytocin

• terminate pregnancy
• can cause the uterus to contract strongly enough to spontaneously abort a fetus
• dinoprostone, mifepristone

• chemically destroy sperm by creating a highly acidic environment in the uterus
• nonoxynol 9, octoxynol 9