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Background (1)
- Russia invaded by Mongolian Tartars (1240)
- becomes the Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire
- Muscovy (Moscow): favorite city of the Tartars
- Collection of high taxes by Ivan I (Ivan Moneybags)
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Background (2)
Ivan III
- declares Russia's independece from the crumbling Mongol empire in 1480
- builds the Moscow Kremlin
- Declares Moscow the "3rd Rome"
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Background (3)
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) (r. 1533-1584)
- Crowns himself the 1st Czar (from the word "Caesar") in 1547
- becomes an absolute ruler; expands the country; centralizes power; reforms government, army, economy, and church
- defeats remaining Tartars; builds St. Basil's Cathedral in celebration of victory
- fails in attempt to conquer Poland and Lithuania
- divides country in two; Oprichnina (territory governed by only him) and Zemschina (territory governed by boyars-nobles)
- Oprichniki: secret police used to arrest and imprison opposing boyars
- Time of Troubles: time period b/w Rurik Dynasty and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty (1613); ignited by Ivan's death and lack of a strong heir
- Fedor I hands power to his brother-in-law, Boris Godunov; Russian Famine (1601-1603)-1/3 of population dies; False Dmitry I rules from 1605-1606
- shortly after Godunov's death, Moscow falls under Polish control until 1613 (Polish-Muscovite War), ending the Rurik Dynasty
- Russian boyars choose Michael Romanov as their new czar (r. 1613-1654), ending the Time of Troubles; Michael's father=Patriarch Filaret
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Romanov Dynasty (1)
Peter the Great Background (r. 1682-1725)
- co-ruled with Ivan V until his death; Ivan's regent=Sophia Alekseyevna
- Sophia Alekseyevna: wanted Streltsi to kill Peter; rebellion in 1682 leads Peter to distrust Streltsi
- went on a Grand Tour; it was cut short by another Streltsi Rebellion
- Grand Tour: traditional trip by young and upper-class European males that served as an educational rite of passage; popular from 1660-mid 1880s; standard itinerary of taking travellers through W. Europe and exposing them to languages, horseback riding, fencing, dancing, etc.
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Romanov Dynasty (2)
Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)
- strenghtens absolutism; takes title of Emperor of all Russia (1711)
- creates a strong army loyal to him; disbanded the Streltsi (royal guards of Moscow)
- ruthlessly crushes boyar revolts
- extends government control over Russian Orthodox Church; abolishes Patriarch and replaces it with the Holy Synod (council of 10 loyal clergymen)
- attempts to modernize Russia; models culture after W. Europe; introduces Western ideas on science, education, military training, and industry; imports technocrats (specialists) to modernize Russia
- builds a new capital in 1703; Saint Petersburg (Leningrad); "Window on the West"
- Gains a seaport; battles Charles XII of Sweden; wins territories along the Baltic Sea in the Great Northern War (turning point=Battle of Poltava-1709); same time as War of the Spanish Succession
- Peace of Nystad (1721): makes the acquisition of Russia's territories from Sweden official; gains access to warm waters
- Czarist Russia establishes itself as a new power in Europe; decline of Swedish Empire and Poland-Lithuania
- Peter's biggest hurdle=religion (Russian Orthodox Church)
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Romanov Dynasty (3)
Peter the Great's Table of Ranks
- list of positions in the Imperial Russian gov. and military
- social position and privileges based on an individual's rank in the gov. or military rather than on having noble status (nobility must serve the state)
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Romanov Dynasty (4)
Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796)
- Peter the Great leaves no successor
- weak Peter III becomes czar; murdered with wife Catherine's approval
- her reign marks the Russain nobility's high point of influence in the government; boyars hoped to establish a constitutional monarchy with either Catherine or her son, Paul I (does not happen)
- further imports Western ideas; applies modern scientific methods to agriculture; supports inoculation against smallpox; patron of the arts (more than any Russian sovereign before or after); Hermitage Museum (largest collection of paintings in the world); correspondence with French Enlightenment writers
- extends boundaries S. and W.; victory in wars w/ Turks increases territory near the Black Sea; makes Russia dominant power in S.E. Europe; alliance w/ Austria and Prussia to dissolve an independent Poland; 1st Partition of Poland (1772)
- rapidly modernizing Russia has nobles embracing W. technological advances, fashions, food, and art at great financial cost to the entire country
- landowners increase tax burdens on serfs to counterbalance their expensive standard of living
- Pugachev's Rebellion: largest peasant rebellion in Russian history; supported by peasants, cossacks, and Old Believers; peasants engage in mass protests and revolts through rioting and engaging in uprisings against aristocracy
- Catherine rules an empire of Slavic (Russian, Ukranian, Polish), Baltic, and Asian people
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18th Century Struggle for Power (1)
Quadruple Alliance
- forms after the War of Spanish Succession (1714)
- Britain, France, Netherlands, and Austria
- main goal=weaken Spain through revisions of treaties from the war
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18th Century Struggle for Power (2)
War of Polish Succession (1733-1735)
- France and Spain vs. Russia and Austria
- Russia and Austria win
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18th Century Struggle for Power (3)
War of Jenkins' Ear (1739-1748)
- Britain vs. Spain and France
- merges into the War of Austrian Succession
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18th Century Struggle for Power (4)
War of Austrian Succession (1740-1749)
- Frederick the Great of Prussia invades Maria Theresa of Austria's Silesia
- Prussia, France, Spain, and Bavaria vs. Austria, Britain, Netherlands, and Saxony
- war is fought in Europe, Caribbean, and North America
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18th Century Struggle for Power (5)
Peace of Aix-la-chapelle (1748)
- ends the War of Austrian Succession and attempts to restore balance of power prior to the war of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
- Prussia officially gains Silesia, confirming Prussia as a great power
- Pragmatic Sanction is recognized
- House of Hanover's lands in Germany=recognized
- doesn't end colonial disputes b/w Britain and France
- Austrian Hapsburgs are forced to give up territories in N. Italy and Silesia because of diplomatic pressure from their ally, Great Britain
- growth of Prussian power, though dangerous to Austria, was welcomed by the British, who saw it as a means of balancing French power
- Britain decides Austria is no longer powerful enough to check France, so they align with Prussia
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18th Century Struggle for Power (6)
7 Years' War; a.k.a. the French and Indian War (1756-1763)
- also a continental and colonial war
- Diplomatic Revolution (1756): reversal of longstanding diplomatic alliances which were upheld through the War of Austrian Succession and then reversed in the Seven Years' War; Prussia becomes Britain's ally, and Austria becomes France's ally
- Continental; Frederick the Great invades Saxony; Prussia and Britain vs. Austria, France, Russia, and Saxony; anti-Prussian alliance falls apart when Peter III of Russia pulls out of war
- Colonial; British win decisively over French
- Treaty of Paris (1763): ended fighting b/w France and Britain
- Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763): ended fighting b/w Prussia and Austria
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18th Century Struggle for Power (7)
American Revolution (1775-1783)
- France aids the 13 colonies against Britain
- didn't care about what the Americans wanted; only wanted to weaken Britain
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18th Century Struggle for Power (8)
Partitions of Poland
- 1st Partition (1763): initiated by Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great
- 2nd Partition (1793)
- 3rd Partition (1794): Poland no longer exists as an independent state; recreated following W.W.I
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Ottoman Empire (1299-1922) (1)
- The largest and most stable political entity since the Roman Empire
- 1453: Mehmet II conquers Constantinople (renamed Istanbul); Hagia Sophia becomes a mosque
- Religious Toleration (kind of)
- Millets: religious communities
- Devshirme: Sultan's army took boys from their families, educated them, converted them to Islam, and trained them as soldiers; became loyal elite soldiers known as Janissaries (1st standing army of the Ottomans; replaced tribal warriors, ghazis, whose loyalty wasn't always guaranteed
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Ottoman Empire (1299-1922) (2)
End of Ottoman Expansion
- Ulama: Islamic scholars who dominated religious institutions, schools, law courts, and advised the sultan; persuaded the sultan to abandon the ideas of the printing press and schools of technology when Ottomans attempted to import them
- local leaders and nobles begin to assert independence in their Eastern European lands
- losses at the Battle of Lepanto (against Spain in 1571) and Battle of Vienna (against Austrian Hapsburgs in 1683); Treaty of Karlowitz (1699): forced Ottomans to give up valuable territory in Hungary; land goes to Austrians
- Europeans advance in science and technology while the Islamic world remains stagnant; Europeans circumnavigate the Middle East to get to India and China
- Europeans at the dawn of the Enlightenment view the Muslim world as backwards
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