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external genitalia
the sex, or reproductive, organs visibile on the outside of the body; also called genitals
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gestation
length of time from conception to birth
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lactation
production and release of milk by mammory glands
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orifice
mouth; entrance or outlet of any anatomical structure
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puerperium
time after childbirth that lasts approx. 6 weeks, during which the anatomical and physicological changes brought about by pregnancy resolve and a woman adjusts to the new or expanded responsibilities of motherhood and nonpregnant life
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Menstrual-Days 1-5
uterine endometrium sloughs off because of hormonal stimulation; a process that is accompanied by bleeding. The detached tissue and blood are discharged thru the vagina as mentrual flow.
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Ovulatory-Days 6-14
When menstration ceases, the endometrium begins to thicken as new tissue is rebuilt. As estrogen level rises, several ova begin to mature in the graafian follicles witho only one ovum reaching full maturity. At about the 14th day of the cycle, the graafian follicle ruptures, releasing the egg, a process called ovulation. The egg then leaves the ovary and travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus.
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Postovulatory-Days 15-28
The empty graafian follicle fills with a yellow material and is not called the corpus luteum. Secretions of estrogen and pregesterone by the corpus luteum stimulate the building of the endometrium in preperation for implantation of an embryo. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate as estrogen and progesterone levels decline. With decreased hormone levels, the uterine lining begins to shed starting menstration
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amin/o
amnion (amniotic sac)
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cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)
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hyster/o
metri/o
uter/o
uterus (womb)
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men/o
menses, menstruation
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metr/o
uterus (womb); measure
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salping/o
tube (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)
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-para
to bear (offspring)
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-salpinx
tube (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)
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ante-
before, in front of
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adnexa
accessory parts of a structure
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atresia
congential absence or closure or a normal body opening, such as the vagina
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choriocarcinoma
malignant neoplasm of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy
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contraceptive diaphragm
contraceptive device consisting of a hemisphere of thin rubber bonded to a flexible ring; inserted into the vagina together with spermicidal jelly or cream up to 2 hrs before sex so that sperm can't enter the uterus, thus preventing contraception
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corpus luteum
ovarian scar tissue that results from rupturing of a folicle during ovulation and becomes a small yellow body that produces progesterone after ovulation
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dyspareunia
occurance of pain during sexual intercourse
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endocervicitis
inflammation of the mucous lining of the cervix uteri
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fibroids
benign uterine tumors composed of muscle and fibrous tissue; also called leiomyomas (myomas) and fibromyomata uteri
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infertility
inability or diminished ability to produce offspring
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hormonal contraception
-oral contraceptive pills (OCPs_
- use of hormones to suppress ovulation and prevent conception
- -birth control pills containing estrogen and progesterone in varying proportions
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menarche
beginning of menstrual function
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oligomenorrhea
scanty or infrequent menstrual flow
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perineum
regioin between the vulva and anus that constitutes pelvic floor
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puberty
period during which secondary sex characteristics begin go develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained
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pyosalpinx
pus in the fallopian tube
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retroversion
turning or state of being turned back, especially an entire organ, such as the uterus, being tipped from its normal position
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sterility
inability of the female to become pregnant or the male to impregnate the female
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vaginismus
painful spasm of the vagina from contraction of its surrounding muscles
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viable
capable of sustaining life; denotes a fetus sufficiently developed to live outside of the uterus
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abortion
termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of surviving outside the uterus
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abruptio placentae
premature seperation of a normally situated placenta
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amnion
membrane, continuous with and covering the fetal side of the placenta, that forms the outer surface of the umbilical cord
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breech presentation
common abnormality of delivery in which the fetal buttocks or feet present first rather than the head
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Down syndrome, trisomy 21
congenital condition characterized by physical malformations and some degree of mental retardation
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dystocia
difficult labor, which may be produced by the large size of the fetus or the small size of the pelvic outlet
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eclampsia
most serious form of toxemia during pregnancy
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ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum doesn't reach the uterine cavity but becomes implanted on any tissue other than the lining of the uterine cavity, such as a fallopian tube, an ovary, the abdomen, or even the cervix uteri
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multigravida
woman who has been pregnant more than once
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multipara
woman who has delivered more than one viable infant
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para
woman who has given birth to one or more viable infants
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parturition
process of giving birth
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pelvimetry
measurement of pelvic dimensions to determine whether the head of the fetus will be able to pass thru the bony pelvis during the delivery process
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placenta previa
condition in which the placenta is attached near the cervix and ruptures prematurely, with spotting as the early symptom
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primigravida
woman pregnant for the first time
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primipara
woman who has given birth to one viable infant, her fist child, indicated by the notation para I on the patient's chart
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puerperium
period of 42 days after childbirth and expulsion of the placenta and membranes during which the reproductive organs usually return to normal
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amniocentesis
transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance using a needle and syringe to remove amniotic fluid
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insufflation
-tubal
- delivery of pressurized air or gas into a cavity, chamber, or organ to allow visual examination, remove an obstruction, or apply medication
- -test for patency of the uterine tubes made by transuterine insufflation with CO2; also called Rubin test
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colposcopy
visual examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument (colscope)
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laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope thru one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus
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chronic villus sampling (CVS)
sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects
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endometruim biopsy
removal of a sample of uterine endometrium for microscopic study
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papanicolaou (pap) test
cytological study used to detect abnormal cells sloughed from the cervix and vagina, usually obtained during routine pelvic examination
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mammography
radiographic examination of the breast to screen fro breast cancer
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hysterosalpingography
radiography of the uterus and uterine tubes (oviducts) following injection of a contrast medium
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Ultrasonography- Pelvic
-transvaginal
- -US of the pelvic region used to evaluate abnormalities in the female reproductive system as well as the fetus in the obstetric patient
- -US of the pelvic area performed with a probe inserted into the vagina which provides sharper images of pathological and normal structures within the pelvis
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breast implant revision
surgery designed to correct an unsuccessful procedure that has created a cosmetic problem or poses a health risk
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cerclage
suturing the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely during pregnancy, thus decreasing the chance of a spontaneous abortion. The sutures are removed prior to delivery
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cesarean birth
incision of the abdomen and uterus to remove the fetus; also called C-section
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colpocleisis
surgical closure of the vaginal canal
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conization
excision of a cone-shaped piece of tissue, such as mucosa of the cervix, for histolocial examination
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cordocentesis
sampling of fetal blood drawn from the umbilical vein and performed under ultrasound guidance
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cryosurgery
process of freezing tissue to destroy cells; also called cryocautery
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dilation and curettage (D&C)
Widening of the cervical canal with a dilator and scraping of the uterine endometrium with a curette
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episiorrhaphy
repair of a lacerated vulva ora n episiotomy
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episiotomy
incision of teh perineum from the vaginal orifice usually done to prevent tearing of the tissue and to facilitate childbirth
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hysterectomy
-subtotal
-total
-total plus bilateral salpingooophorectomy
- excision of the uterus
- -hysterectomy where the cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes remain
- -hysterectomy where the cervix is removed but the ovaries and fallopian tubes remain; also called complete hysterectomy
- -total (complete) hysterectomy, including uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries
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intrauterine device
plastic or metal object placed inside the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterine lining
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lumpectomy
excision of a small primary breast tumor ("lump") and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it
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mammoplasty
-augmentation
-reduction
- surgical recontruction of the breast(s) to change the size, shape, or position
- -breast enlargement to increase breast size of to replace one that has been surgically removed
- -breast reduction to reduce the size of a large, pendulous breast
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mastectomy
-total (simple)
-modified radical
-radical
- excision of the entire breast
- -excision of the entire breast, nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin; also called simple mastectomy
- -excision of the entire breast, including the lymph nodes in the underarm (axillary dissection) (most common)
- -excision of the entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and chel wall muscles under the breast
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myomectomy
excision of a myomatous tumor, generally uterine
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reconstructive breast surgery
-tissue (skin) expansion
- reconstruction of a breast that has been removed because of cancer or other disease
- -common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and the expander is then replaced witha more permanent implant
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transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap
surgical creation of a skin flap using skin and fat from the lower half of the abdomen which is passed under the skin to the brease area. The abdominal tissue (flap) is shaped intoa anatural looking breast and sutured into place
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salpingo-oophorectomy
excision of an ovary and fallopian tube
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tubal ligation
procedure that ties (ligate) the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy
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antifungals
treat vaginal yeast infection by altering the yeast cell membrane or interfering with a metabolic process
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estrogens
treat symptoms of menopause (hot flashes, vaginal dryness, fatigue) thru hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
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oral contraceptives
prevent ovulation
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oxytocics
induce labor at term by increasing the strenth and frequency of uterine contractions
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prosaglandins
terminate pregnancy
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spermicides
chemically destroy sperm by creating a highly acidic environment in the uterus
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review abbreviations in the book
or else!
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