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name the functions of the urinary system?
- -filtering blood
- -regulation of blood volume, blood ion concentrations, interstitual fluid pH, erythropoiesis
- -Vitamin D synthesis
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name the two sections of the kidneys and what they contain?
- -cortex (outer)
- (contains most of the nephrons)
- -medulla
- (contains renal pyramids)
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reabsorbed substances diffuse into _______, carried back into circulation
peritubular capillaries
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what is the typical filtration pressure?
- -blood hydrostatic pressure 55 mg Hg
- -capsule pressure 30 mm Hg
- -colloid osmotic pressure 15 mm Hg
- 55-30-15= 10 mg Hh filtration pressure
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how do most substance filtered out diffuse out of the tubules and enter interstitual fluid?
- -may diffuse freely
- -undergo facilitated diffusion
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what process help helps maintain a large concentration difference between cytoplasm of cell and lumen of tubule?
transport of na+ through basal surface coupled with import of K+ from interstitial fluid
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what is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
it secretes renin if blood pressure in the arteriole decreases, or na+ in distal tubules decreases
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what is urea?
primary nitrogenous metabolic waste
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in the loop of henle the descending limp is _____ to water.
permeable
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in the loop of henle the ascending limb is ____ to water
not permeable
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what is another name for the renal corpuscle?
bowmens capsule
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what types of cells do the renal corpuscle contain?
- -outer layer is the parietal layer
- (simple squamous epithelium)
- -inner layer
- (podocytes)
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what do the renal filtration membrane consist of?
capillary endothelial cells + basement membrane + podocytes = renal filtration membrane
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what co-transport solutes that are usually reabsorbed in tubular reabsorption?
na+
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the filtration membrane filter through?
water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, fatty acid, vitamins, urea, uric acid, creatinine
-
the filtration membrane turn back
- -blood cells
- -plasma proteins
- -large anions
- -protein-bound minerals
- -hormones
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what provides energy for transporting of other materials down its concentration gradient?
na+
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what is followed by osmosis?
water h2o
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where does most filtrate leave capillaries at?
in the glomerulus travels into proximal tubules
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when filtrate leaves at the glomerulus, what comes out at this point and what remains in the rest of the filtrate?
- most of the water and useful ions are reabsorbed
- (only waste, excess ions, and small amount of water remain)
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name the substance that are reabsorbed durning tubular reabsorption
- -glucose and fructose
- -amino acids
- -ions na+ ca2+, hco3-, cl-
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what prohibts the exit of blood cells?
filtration membrane
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glomerulus capillaries are _______.
fenestrated
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what percent of urea is passively reabsorbed?
50%
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what prevents filtration of larger proteins in the glomerular?
basal lamina
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what allow plasma proteins to pass through in the glomerular endothelia cells, but prevents filtration of blood cells?
fenestration
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in the glomerular what prevents filtration of medium size protiens?
slit membrane between pedicels
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how do a filitration membrane differ from a typical capilary?
a filtration membrane is much more permeable then a typical capillary
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