Kind en Jongere Deel 2

• Remember VACTERL:
• Vertebral abnormalities
• Anal atresia
• Cardiac defects
• TracheoEsophageal fistulas
• Renal abnormalities
• Limb abnormalities

CT is a series of x-rays and is thus better for dense structures (e.g. bone, calcifications). MRI used RF (Radio Frequency) signals and is better used for high water and/or hydrogen content substances (e.g. tumors, soft tissue). Repeated CT scans increase cancer risk while MRI does not, but MRI is much more expensive.

• Achondroplasia
• Neurofibromatosis
• Marfan syndrome
• Treacher Collins syndrome
• von Willebrand's disease

FALSE - it can occur spontaneously!

20%

• FAS: Mother drinks alcohol during first trimester - leads to postnatal growth deficiencies, microcephaly, skeletal and heatt defects and characteristic facies (epicanthial folds, thin upper lip)
• FAE: Mother drinks alcohol after first trimester - leads to development and behaviour problems

Deletion of a subset of 15 genes (which are normally silenced on maternal copy of chromosome) leads to hyperphagia and obesity, hypotonia, hypogonadism and mild retardation. It's sister syndrome (genes in same region of paternal chromosome are silenced) is Angelman syndrome.

1/800

• 1) Non-disjunction during meiosis phase 1, thus each haploid cell ends up with 24 chromosomes (2 copies of one)
• 2)Robertsonian translocation
• 3)Mosaicism of trisomy 21

40%

45X (one missing X chromosome) - results in webbed neck, low-set ears, broad chest and sterility. Also associated with Celiac's disease and coarctation of aorta (feel pulse in groin and arm at same time - groin is weaker - also, can listen in 2nd intercostal space)

• High AFP = neural tube defects
• High hCG, low AFP, low UE3 = down syndrome
• All low = trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)

Deletion on chromosome 7q11 - have a 'cocktail party personality.' 80% will have SVAS (SupraValvulaire Aortic Stenosis)

Caused by spontaneous mutations (because the Dutch are so spontaneous :-D

• Everything is joined like Dutchies riding bikes while holding hands:
• - eyebrows meet at midline
• - 2nd & 3rd toes tend to be joined
• - incurved 5th finger

Severe mental retardation and heart problems

• Remember REPENTS at NOON:
• Retardation
• Eyes (wide set & epicanthal folds)
• Pulmonary valve stenosis
• Ears (backwards rotated and low set)
• Neck (excess skin & low hairline on back)
• Testicles often don't descend (cryptorchidism)
• Short stature

Causes dwarfism, thus it is ironic that it is AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT! Caused by defect in FGF recepter 3 and comes from father's gene (due to older father)

Of uknown origin - think of Kabuki make-up, which is done by asians, so SLOTTED EYES with EPICANTHAL FOLDS. One puts makeup on with the fingers, so PROMINENT FINGERPADS, and Kabuki actors tilt their heads to the sides, so ASYMETRIC, LOW-SET EARS. HEART PROBLEMS are also associated with this syndrome.

• Remember CATCH-22:
• Cardiac abnormalities (esp. tetralogy of Fallot)
• Abnormal facies (square ears since book are SQUARE)
• Thymic aplasia (leading to recurrent infections)
• Cleft palate
• Hypocalcemia (malfunctioning parathyroid glands)
• 22 (is a number - the number you need to remember is that ~90% of mutations are de novo)

Smoking, alcohol and stress during the pregnancy

Dopamine

• Remember the structure of cardohydrates:
• Atoms are smallest - Atomoxetine (like atoms, not very exciting, not stimulating, no fear of abuse, continuous working)
• Methyl means one Carbon - Methylfenidaat (comes in two doses - long and short action - and works 70% of time)
• Tri means three Carbons - Tricyclische antidepressiva (no specific indication for ADHD, but sometimes used)
• Dex sounds like 'Hex' which means six carbons - Dextroamfetamine - just like Methylfenidaat, but half of the kids who do not response to Methylfenidaat respond to Dextroamfetamine

Two or more epileptic attacks not brought on by fever, drugs, etc, in a year.

Used to determine if leg paralysis is somatoform or organic. Place hand under heel of normal leg and ask patient to try to move paralyzed leg. If leg is actually paralyzed, pressure will be felt on hand as patient attempts to raise leg. If not pressure is felt, paralysis is likely somatoform.

Disorder of mental origin which manifests itself in physical symptoms (e.g. somatoform paralysis of leg indicates leg paralysis resulting from mental issues as opposed to organic issues)

• Zoekreflex
• Zuigreflex
• Bijtreflex
• Wurgreflex

• Underweight: <85% of expected weight
• Anorexia nervosa: BMI < 17,5
• Obesity: BMI > 30

10%

Caregiver fakes or causes harm to other in order to get resulting attention

Stands for:

• Soort
• Plaats
• Uiterlijke
• Kenmerken
• Tijd
• Oorzaak
• Veroorzaker
• Andere getuigen/signaleerders
• Maatregelen
• Oude letsels

...it is designed to help determine if child abuse has occured.

(Age + 2)*30mL

10%

• Flourescent In Situ Hybridization - used to detect specific sequences or specific deletions (e.g. Williams, 22q11)
• 

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism array - used to detect SNPs

AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT genetic defect due to mutation of gene on chromosome 5. Yields facial defects such as absent cheekbones, a small jaw and malformed ears.

Almost always de Novo mutation - causes motor, speach and developmental delays and HYPOTONIA

Triade of infantile epilepsy, characteristic EEG pattern and mental retardation (only two required for diagnosis). Originally published by Dr. West in observation of his son :-( MRI shows atrophy of neurons and inlargement of ventricles. Often accompanies 1p36 deletion syndrome.

A mental illness characterized by physical symptoms that suggest physical illness or injury

A condition in which patients present with neurological symptoms such as numbness, blindness, paralysis or fits, without a neurological cause.

• ALWAYS begin with psycho-education and meditation therapy
• Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is first pharmaceutical choice (mechanism of action is UKNOWN)
• Dexamfetamine (Adderall) also used

• 1st choice: stimulants
• 2nd choice: neuroleptics (antipsychotics)
• In cases of severe agression, antipsychotics become 1st choice