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What is the energy balance equation?
Energy in = energy out + Energy Stored
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Where does energy in come from?
From your diet
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Where does energy go?
From cells to keeping you alive
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What is energy stored?
the energy that is not used and is stored as fat
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How much energy does 1 gram of a carbohydrate?
17KJ
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How much energy does 1 gram of a protein provide?
17KJ
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How much energy does1 gram of fat provide?
38KJ
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How much energy does 1 gram of alcohol provide?
30KJ
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What is the balanced amount of macronutrients in an energy ratio?
- Carbohydrates 55%
- Proteins 15%
- Fat 30%
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Energy goes out to three main things:
- Resting Metabolic Rate
- Thermic effect of feeding
- Physical activity
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What are the variables that affect the resting metabolic rate?
- Fat-Free mass
- Age
- Gender
- Physical Activity
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What is the thermic effect of feeding?
- Have to increase body temperature to eat
- Uses around 10 % of energy ingested
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Why is the thermic effect of feeding higher for proteins and carbohydrates than for fats?
- MOre energy out of fats and easier to store
- Carbohydrate and proteins have alot of breaking downs?
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WHat is maintain when energy in= energy out?
Body mass homeostasis
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What are the four main functions of carbohydrates in your body?
- Energy Homeostasis
- Form the carbon skeletons of amino acids
- Glycoproteins- mucins, antibodies, clotting factors
- Proteoglycans - junk between your cells
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WHat is the glycemic index?
- How quickly dose a food enter the blood as glucose
- A GI of 100 would mean that the food enters the blood as quickly as glucose
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Why are carbohydrates critical for homeostasis?
They are an excellent source of energy and you dont have large stores, so eating them is critical
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What are where are carbohydrates stored?
Stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle and as glucose in the blood
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Carbohydrates are:
an excellant source of energy but you store very little
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What are carbohydrates and how are they classified as?
- They are polmers of sugars
- They are classified based on size, mono- di- oligo- and poly-sacharrides
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What have the highest energy content of the macronutrients and what are they excellent for?
Lipids and are excellent for long-term energy storage
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What are the different classification of fats?
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Sterols
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What are nonessential fatty acids?
- Can be made by the body
- Lipogenesis in the liver
- Stimulated by insulin
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WHat are essential fatty acids?
- Can NOTbe made by the body
- Omega-6 (linoleic acid) vegetable oil
- Omega-3 (alpha linoleic acid) salmon, flax
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How are fats transported through the body?
- Proteins are combined with lipids to make lipoproteins
- To make them miscible with water
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Where are chylomicrons made and what do they do?
- Made in the intestine
- Transport lipids from food into blood and liver
- Critical for transporting vitamin A, D, E and K to liver
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Where are VLDLs made and what do they do?
- Made in liver
- Transport fatty acids from the liver to heart, muscle and adipose tissue
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Where are LDLs made and what do they do?
- Made in the liver, what is left of VLDLs
- Primarily cholesterol
- Transport cholesterol to liver and other tissues
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Where are HDLs made and what do they do?
- Made in the liver and intestine
- Transport cholesterol from tissues back to liver
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What are lipids essential for?
- Energy storage
- Membrane fluidity
- Precursers for critical molecules in body
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How does obesity effect LDL and HDL?
- increases LDL
- Decreases HDL
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How does Saturated fat effect HDL and LDL?
- INcreases LDL alot
- Increases HDL
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How does cis monounsaturated effect HDL and LDL?
- Decreases LDL
- INcreases HDL
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How does trans monounsaturated effect HDL and LDL?
- Increases LDL alot
- Decreases HDL
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What is a good source of omega-6 fa?
Vegetable Oils
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What is a good source of omega-3 fa?
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WHat is BMI?
- Body mass index
- = weight (kg)/ height cm2
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After water, what is the major contituent of your body?
Proteins
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What does protein turnover account for?
Twenty percent of your resting ATP requirement
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Where is most of your protein mass found?
- Muscle (myosin, actin)
- Blood (hemoglobin)
- Skin (collagen)
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What is an indispensible amino acid?
Essential, cannot be made by the body
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What is a conditionally indispensible amino acid?
There is difficulties making the amino acid so they become essential
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What is a dispensible amino acid?
Non-essential can be synthesized in the body
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What foods are good sources of methione and what are deficient?
- + Animal proteins
- +Cereals
- -Legums
- - Tubers
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What food are good sources of lysine, threonine, tryptophan and what are deficient?
- +Animal proteins
- +Legums
- -Cereals
- -Tubers
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How does methionine effect lifespan in mice and flies?
- Mice on unrestricted diets, methionine reduces lifespan
- FLies on restriced diets , methionine increases lifespan without reducing reproduction
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What causes Marasmus?
- Severe energy deficiency
- Not enough proteins
- Absolute deficiency
- Characterized by emaciatiation, wasted
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What is characterized by Kwashiorkor and what causes it?
- Characterized by emaciation and edema
- Causes are unknown, but thought to be from low protein in diet, micronutrients and aflatoxin
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What is hormesis and what are some examples of it?
- Hormesis is the J-shaped curves show benefits of some of the food but as more and more are eating it is not benefical
- A problem is that there is a strong preference of these nutrients but leads to an overabundance in diet and lead to deleterious effect
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How does a deficiency in retinoic acid lead to xeropthalmia, respiratory infections, and developmental problems?
Caused by a low amount of retinoic acid causing cells to secrete keratin rather than mucus
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What role does retinal play in our eyes?
- Retinal is critical for the detection of light by the rod cells in your eyes.
- Deficiencies can lead to night blindness
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What can vitamin D deficiencies lead to?
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How is vitamin E a potent antioxidant?
zzz
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Vitamin K is necessary for the formation of what?
Gama-Carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)
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What does gama-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) do?
Gla is critical for clotting factor, allowing them to bind to phospholipids in the presence of of Ca2+
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Why is vitamin K not found in newborns?
- It is fat soluble so it does cross the placenta well
- It is synthesized by bacteria in the large intestines
- It is not stored can see deficiencies within 48 hours
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What is the main function of the B vitamins?
Cofactors for enzymes
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Are B vitamins stored?
NO
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What are good sources of B vitamins?
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What is thiamine important for?
- (B1)
- IMportant for carb metabolism
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What does deficiencies of Thiamine lead to?
- (B1)
- Beriberi (wet or dry)
- Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome
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What is vitamin B2 a component of?
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What do deficiencies of riboflavin lead to?
Fast growing tissues (skin and mouth)
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What is vitamin B3 a component of?
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What is vitamin B3 synthesized from?
Tryptophan with the presence of B6
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What does a deficiency in B3 result in?
Pellagra
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What is the necessary cofactor for heme, neurotransmitters, niacin?
Vitamin B6
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What does deficiency in B6 result in?
- Anemia
- Mental Abonormalities
- Pellagra
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What is critical for nucleotide synthesis?
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Where is B12 stored?
Liver
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What does B12 deficiencies lead to?
- Fast Growing tissues
- Anemia
- Spinal Cord degeneration
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What is a reducing agent that can reactivate enzymes?
Vitamin C
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