CH5_Operant

_____________ conditioning is usually better than classical at explaining voluntary behaviors.

Developed the concept of operant conditioning.

Form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.

An operant behavior occurs

Consequence depends on behavior

States that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened

Rewarding approximations of a desired behavior

Midbrain area / an extension of the__________ that plays a vital role in our learning to repeat a rewarded behavior

Researchers have found that the neurotransmitter______ plays a crucial role in the reinforcement of behaviors

Process by which a rewarding stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.

Pleasant or rewarding consequences of a behavior fall into two types

In positive reinforcement, the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the

In negative reinforcement, the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the

T or F In this case, “positive” and “negative” have nothing to do with “good” and “bad.”
True False

Innately satisfying; does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable

Acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; learned or conditioned

Secondary reinforcers can be used in a system called a

In a token economy behaviors are rewarded with ________ that can be exchanged later for desired _____

In operant conditioning, means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

In operant conditioning, means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced

In operant conditioning, occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency

When a reinforcer follows a behavior only a portion of the time

Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

Involve the number of behaviors that must be performed prior to reward

Refer to the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is rewarded.

In a _____ schedule, the number of behaviors or the amount of time is always the same.

In a _____ schedule, the required number of behaviors or the amount of time that must pass changes and is unpredictable from the perspective of the leamer

A _____ schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behavior

Behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis.

Produce high, steady rates of behavior more resistant to extinction than the other three schedules.

Ratio schedules of reinforcement are based on the

Interval reinforcement schedules are determined by the

A fixed-interval schedule reinforces the first behavior after

A variable-interval schedule is a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after

A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.

In ___________ punishment, a behavior decreases when it is followed by the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus.

In ____________ punishment, a behavior decreases when a positive stimulus is removed.

In operant conditioning, the __________ the interval, the more efficient the learning.

Humans also respond to _______ reinforcers

The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

A manager who rewards his or her staff with a casual-dress day or a half day off if they meet a particular work goal is employing