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what is the quantum-mechanical model?
- -energy of electrons is quantitized. (electrons can only have a specific amount of energy.
- - electrons exhibit wavelike behavior.
- -it is impossible to know the exact position as well as the momentum of an electron at any given instant.
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regions of ihgh probablity have ___ electron density.
low probablity have ___ electron density
high
low
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atomic orbital"?
a region around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is found.
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what do orbitals have?
what can't they do?
shapes, sizes and energies.
cannot describe how the electron moves.
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orbitals are designated by which letters?
s, p, d, and f
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what shape does the orbital s take
p?
d and f?
spherical
dumbell
complex
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who proposed that the energies of the electrons in an atom are quantinized?
Bohr
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what does n stand for?
the principal quantum number
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when n increases, what else increases?
the energy of the electron
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the number of sublevels always equal...
the quantum nmber n.
n = 4; 4 sublevels
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what type of number is the orbitals in each sublevel?
odd.
- 1 orbital in s sublevel
- 3 orbital in p sublevel
- 5 orbital in d sublevel
- 7 orbital in f sublevel
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do the electrons spend more time further away from the nucleus or nearer?
further
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how many number of orbitals and max. # of electrons are found in the sublevels s, p, d, and f?
- s - 1 orbital - 2 max electrons
- p - 3 - 6
- d- 5 - 10
- f- 7- 14
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what is electron configuration?
distribution of electrons among the orbital of an atom
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how is the electron configurations of atoms determined?
distributing the atom's electrons among level, sublevel and orbitals.
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when electrons populate the lowest energy orbitals available, the atom is in...
ground state
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what is the ground state?
lowest, most stable state of the atom
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how can the locatioin of the lectrons in the ground state be predicted?
using the aufbau prinicple, the pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule
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what is the aufbau (german: building up) principle?
electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy orbitals.
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what is the pauli exclusion principle?
an orbital can hold a max. of 2 electrons. Must spin oposite directions.
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what is Hund's rule?
electrons occupy equal-energy orbitals so that a max. number of unpaired results.
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higher energy orbital means that the atom is in an ____ state
excited state (unstable state)
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which elements are exceptions with the Aufbau principle?
Chromium and Copper
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why do expectations to the Aufbau principle occus?
it is due to the subtle electron electron interactions in orbitals with similar energies.
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