ANT 001

• - Evolved into H. erectus, and possibly H. florensis in Asia
• - Evolved into H. heidelbergensis and then H. neanderthalensis in Europe and middle east

Modern humans are all descended from the H. sapiens of the second migration out of Africa

60kya: people from one African population migrate to Eurasia and Asia

each subsequent founder effect further reduces variation.

we can use the global variation in mtDNA to reconstruct a phylogeny

• -variation is gradual over geographic distances (cline).
• -those groups who live closest to each other are more similar than those who live farther away
• -more gene flow between nearby groups adaptation to similar environments

-East Africa (Pan trohlodytes schweinfurthi)