Comm

the systematic gathering of information about audience members in an effort to learn everything possible about them that is relevant to the topic

social categories into which people can be grouped

demo information: survey, check box

sex/religion/age/gender

• -seek to determine attitude, beliefs and opinions people have
• -more difficult to attain
• -questions that require elaboration (sentence structure answers)

• -the people sitting/standing in front of you, while you give your speech
• -immediate audience

• -the extended audience via TV, radio or other electronic/print media
• -don't always know whose watching
• -caterers know their audience well

• -get demographic and psychographic information from an event sponsor
• -ask sample members what they think

• 1. Leading questions: prompt interviewee to respond a certain way
• 2. Open questions: broad, allow great deal of lee way
• 3. Closed questions: limit the range of possible answers

• -adjust your topic, purpose, language and communication style to avoid offending or alienating audience members
• -have respect and regard for others, while still being ourselves

• -could be a heckler
• -audience members who intentionally disrupt the speech to make the speaker look bad

*IGNORE THEM*

• 1. Audience Analysis
• 2. Specify Time Constraints
• 3. Select a Topic
• 4. Narrow the Topic

• 1. relatively simple areas
• 2. interfere with other speakers if you go over time
• 3. over time leaves a bad impression of yourself
• 4. can damage credibility
• 5. nothing will hurt you more, than talking too much or for too long

• 1. brainstorming
• - jot down a list of topics as fast as you can without stopping to evaluate
• - some may seem foolish or absurd but write them down anyway
• - KEY: avoid the tendency to reject ideas early
• 2. mapping
• 3. major source for topic selection: YOURSELF
• 4. choose something familiar to yourself
• - cut research, allows personal connection
• - be interested/ passionate
• 5. speaker has the ability to make the presentation powerful, fascinating, and gripping

• -remember timing
• -prevents you from wondering aimlessly

facts or opinions attested to or endorsed by someone other than the speaker

• -audience should not spend time thinking how something fits with content of speech
• -should be obvious
• -the degree of association between reference and topic

up-to-date

should come from an authoritative source

• -teaching the audience to think about something in a new/different way
• -involves changing the audience's factual beliefs about some topic or issue

• 1. Communicating new and unfamiliar information
• 2. Extending what the audience already knows
• 3. Updating Old Information
• -reinterpreting what the audience already knows
• -attempt to correct misconceptions while altering what the audience already believes about a topic

design to provide recently available information to an audience with a general understanding of the topic

instructional presentation that usually provides new information about a topic

a how to speech

teaches a concept for how to complete a task with an acceptable degree of accuracy

• 1. Establish credibility
• 2. Entice and invite
• 3. Preview material

credibility: judgement on the part of the audience about the believability of a speaker

• 1. competence
• 2. trustworthiness
• 3. extraversion
• 4. composure
• 5. sociability

nonverbal behavior and clothing effects our credibility

• 1. find a way to connect to the audience
• 2. use dramatic devices
• -- humorous story, starting statement, little known fact
• -- firmness and flexibility

• -tell them what you are going to tell them
• -signposts

• 1. review material : tell them what you told them; signposts
• 2. leave the audience interested and wanting to hear more

help audience have a sense for shared background

insight fear, passion or pity

relying on sayings or phrases from famous people, politicians or entertainers to hold the audience's attention

• 1. cliches: common, overused expressions
• 2. disclaimers: statements which deny any responsibility for a faulty presentation
• 3. apologies: assumes responsibility for not being able to contribute too much
• 4. don't ever say "I'm Done."

any supplemental visual device a speaker can use to help clarify for the audience the message of a speech

to reinforce or extend a whole (the speech)

• 1. To clarify something important
• 2. to make the speech more interesting
• 3. increase audience retention
• 4. help save time
• 5. help explain the topic

• - a diagram that shows the relationship between two quantitative variables
• - change over time is well-displayed
• - how one variable changes with respect to other

• - explains quantities of values of data in height or length to the qualities represented
• - good for showing differences in sets of figures during the same or brief time span

used to illustrate how parts of something relate to a whole

orderly arrangement of numbers, words or symbols in rows or columns

• -organization chart
• -understanding hierarchy

• -text alone, no pictures
• -lists main ideas of speech

physical item that you show the audience

has to be at least 8 x 10

• 1. Poster boards + photos are common
• 2. Objects
• 3. Transparency
• 4. Video/Audio (VHS or DVD)
• 5. PowerPoint

• *rare that the VA is visible the whole time
• *put it away or down at some point

• 1. Do not over use your VA
• 2. Use a VA that requires little to no explanation ; not to complex
• 3. Easy to see
• 4. Remove VA form sight when you are through

• -is a way to put your thoughts and materials together in a logical manner
• -it helps make sense of the speech for yourself and for the audience

• -speech that leads the audience through ordered steps
• -the speaker goes to great lengths to make the message obvious

• 1. topical - categorized speech
• 2. cause and effect - how the cause brings about effects
• 3. problem-solution
• 4. chronological - how things are presented through time
• 5. spacial - when using a visual aid

• - a speech organized in a configural pattern is a speech not organized in a linear pattern
• - the message is subtle
• - the purpose is not spelled out
• - the audience must draw its own conclusion

**IMPLICATION AND SUGGESTION**

• 1. Narrative - you tell a story, audiences draws conclusion
• 2. Web - speech is centered around a core idea or theme, but you return to the main idea after each point
• 3. Problem-no solution - informing a problem, audiences draws conclusion
• 4. multiple perspectives - offering perspectives, audiences draws conclusion

• 1. full content outlines - full sentence ideas
• 2. short phrase outlines - ideas worded short