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Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
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Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system–for example, by extracting meaning.
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Storage
The retention of encoded information over time
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Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
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Sensory Memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
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Short-term Memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, suh as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
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long-term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
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Working Memory
Concentrates on the active processing of information in this intermediate stage. Associates new and old information and solves problems.
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Rehearsal
Conscious repetition to encode a memory for storage.
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Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
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Serial Position Effect
Our tendency to recall best the las and first items in a list.
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Imagery
Mental pictures; a powerfull aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with encoding.
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Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and oragnizational devices.
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Chunking
Oragnizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automaticly.
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Iconic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
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Echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
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Long-term Potentiation
Increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
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Flashbulb Memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
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Implicit Memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection
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Explicit Memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.
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Explicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.
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Recall
Retrieving information learned earlier.
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Recognition
Need only to identify items previously learned.
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Relearing
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.
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Priming
The activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory
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State-dependent memory
Remembering things better when you are in the same state of mind you learned them in.
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Deje vu
Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
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Mood-congruent memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
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Proactive interference
The disruptive effec of prior learnign on the recall of new information
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Retractive interference
The disruptive effec of new learning on the recall of old information.
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Repression
The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thought, feelings, and memories.
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Misinformation effect
Incorporating mis leading information into one's memory of an event.
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Source Amnesia
Attributing to the wrong source and event we have experience, heard about, read about or imagined.
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Cognition
The mental activites associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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Concept
A mentalgrouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people.
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prototype
A mental image or best example of a category.
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Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
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Confirmation Bias
a tendecy to search for infromation that supports our views that we already had.
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fixation
the inability to see a problem from a new perspecitve, by emplying a different mental set.
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Mental set
Approach a problem the same way because that way worked in the past.
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Overconfidence Bias
the tendecy to be more confident that correct
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Intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
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Framing
The way and issue is posed.
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