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What does AHFA ?
- American Hospital Formulary Service
- concise inforamtion arranged by drug classification
- distributed to physicians
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What does USPDI stand for and what is it?
- United States Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information
- provides drug inforamtion for health cre provider
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Anyone who manufactures, prescribes, administers, or dispenses controlled substances must register with the?
U.S. attorney general
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anyone that can write a prescribing muste renew ever?
3 years
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pharmacodynamics?
- Study of how drug act within body factor that influence
- age
- weight
- sex
- existing pathology
- tolerance
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Intradermal injection is
- dermal layer of skin
- 10 to 15 angle
- needle tip & lumen visible under skin
- for skin test/allergy test/MANTOUX
- location
- anterior forearm
- back
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subcutaneous (SQ or SC) injection
- fatty layer
- 45 angle
- 25-gauge, 5/8-inch needle
- for drug that should not be absorbed rapidly
- upper arm
- thigh
- back
- abdomen
- massage the site with an antiseptic wipe after the injection to distribute the medication
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intramusclar injection (IM)
- 1-1 1/2 needle
- 90 angle
- absorption fairly rapid
- Common sites
- deltoid,
- dorsogluteal,
- vetrogluteal,
- and vastus lateralis muscles
- Z method used when irritate or damage to tissue may occur
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What is an antagonistic
- active opposition
- hostility toward something.
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What is a drug?
a chemical substance that affects body function/s
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A medical assistant who has a valid suspicion that controlled substances are being diverted by another member of the health care team has an ethical responsibility
report the matter authority
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A patient is to be NPO for 12 hours before the study, Explain this in lay terms
nothing by mouth for 12 hours before the study
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two drugs working together increase each other to higest level ?
synergism
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How do antianginal agents work?
promote vasodilation
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What is a medication called that is administered by any method other than the gastrointestinal system?
parenteral
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What is an old system of measurement that uses grains, minims, and drams?
apothecary system of measurement
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What is the synergistic action of two substances in which the total effects are greater than the sum of the individual effect of the two substance
potentiation
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Drugs that relieve pain are called
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What are the seven rights of administration medication?
- right patient
- time
- dose
- route
- drug
- technique
- documentation
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Which type of medication mimics the activity of the sympathetic nervous system?
adrenergic=a similar substance
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Antiemetic agents are used to
- prevent
- nausea and vomiting
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What was the purpose of the Kefauver-Harris Amendment of 1962?
- It required testing of medications for effectiveness before their release for
- sale.
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Pharmacies may fill schedule II drugs only when they have an original prescription signed
by a doctor. Name some of the schedule II drugs?
- morphine,
- codeine,
- cocaine,
- seconal,
- amphetamines,
- Dilaudid,
- Ritalin
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What is an ampule?
- a glass container
- that must be
- broken at the neck to
- aspirate the solution
- can not be use twice
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Why are thrombolytics prescribed?
They prevent the formation of blood clots or dissolve blood clots
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At what level of scheduled drugs are opium, marijuana, lysergic acid diethylamide
(LSD), peyote, and mescaline placed?
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Where must control substance be located?
must be kept in a locked box in a locked cabinet
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Is it legal for a doctor to ask you to complete a prescription form (including the medication, quantity, and directions) for him or her to sign?
Yes. The doctor will review the information and sign his signature.
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A drug in ointment or lotion form usually produces
a localized effect
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What is the buccal route of administration?
inside the oral cavity between the cheek and gum
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After 1 hour, a patient's intravenous catheter has infiltrated. What should you do?
Stop the flow of fluids, remove the intravenous catheter, and notify the doctor
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Why would medications not be broken down and absorbed properly by the body?
The kidneys may be compromised by disease
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Reactions to medications that are predictable (e.g., nausea) are called
side effects
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You are going to give a hip injection of testosterone, an oil-based medication.
What size needle will you need to use?
- 21-gauge because it oil based
- 1 to 1 1/2 -inch needle depend on size of patient
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With a pediatric doses of medication what do you need?
- age in months
- weight in pounds
- height in inches
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The appropriate needle for administering an intramuscular injection to an obese
patient would be:
- 23-gauge,
- 1 1/2 inch needle
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What is used to neutralize or reduce the acidity of the stomach?
- antacids
- HINT: feel like ant crawling in stomach
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The doctor orders Vistaril 25 mg IM for a patient, but you misread the label,
giving the patient 50 mg IM. What should you do?
- Chart it as ordered and as given. Tell the doctor and then chart "doctor
- notified."
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>>Who do a physician needs to register with every 3 years?
U.S. attorney general
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>>When a drug is contraindicated it?
should not be used
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>>Emetics are used to?
promote vomiting
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>>A symptom of an allergic reaction is?
- hives
- dyspnea
- wheezing
- anaphylaxis = life threatening
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>>Two drugs when taken together that can create synergism are:
sedatives & barbiturates
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>>Drugs with a potential for abuse and currently accepted medicinal use are:
schedule I and IV
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>>A drug is given a brand name when it:
is approved by the FDA
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>>When administering an unfamiliar drug, you should look up information on:
route of administration
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>>What is the three checks for safe administration of medication?
- check the label when taking from shelf
- when prepare it
- and when replacing it on the shelf/disposoing
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>>When preparing medications you should:
- work in a quiet
- well-lighted area
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>>Patient safety is protected by ensuring:
you are administering the right drug
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>>Which method is the most accurate means of calculating pedicatric dosages?
- BSA method
- body surface area
- (BSA x Adult dose) ./. 1.7 = child's dose
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Medicine administered under the tongue follows the?
sublingual route
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Where is the vastus lateralis?
buttock
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You are told to administer a medicine be otic route. This medicine should be given by?
ears
-
-
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topical?
directly on the skin
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Pharmacology?
- study of drugs and their
- study of drugs and their origin, nature, properties and effects upon living organisms action
- dosages
- and side effects
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//Chemical Name
- identifies the chemical components of the drugs
- first name given
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//Generic name?
- assigned during research
- and development
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//Trade Name / Brand Name?
- for commercial use and distribution
- registered with US patent Office
- has official trademark symbol
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FDA?
Food and Drug Administration
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Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)?
- controlled substances Act
- branch of the department of justice
- concerned only with controlled substance
- revising list of drugs in the schedule of contolled substances
-
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Is oxygen consider medication?
Yes
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What does V.O stand for?
verbal order
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Factors that can influence a drug's action? (pharmacodynamics)
- age
- sex
- weight
- gender
- tolerance
- exiting pathology
- administer only under the direct order of a doctor
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Study of the action of drugs within the body are based of? (pharmacokinetics)
- administration route
- absorption rate
- duration of action
- elimination
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Pharmacokinetics
Processes?
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism
- excretion
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Physician's Desk Reference (PDR) ?
- identifies drug name
- characteristices of drugs
- contains photos or tablest, capsules, etc
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How can Medications can be given?
- Administered - given in office
- dispensed - given for later use
- prescribed - written order to be filled by a pharmacist
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What information must be on a prescriptions/RS form?
- date
- patients name
- patients address
- supersciption
- inscription
- subscription
- signature
- refills
- physician's signature
- generic
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Inscription?
- name of medication
- desired form
- and strength
-
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What does DAW mean?
dispense as written
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subscription ?
amount to dispense
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What is Pharmacokinetics based on?
- study of the action of drugs with the body from administration to excrection
- route or administration
- rate of absorption
- duration of action
- elimination from body
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What will you need to be familiar with when dealing with medications ordered ?
- Terminology
- Abbreviations
- Symbols
- Signs
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Safety Guidelines needed when dealing with medication
- 1.Know office policies
- 2.Give only medications physician has given a written order.
- 3.any doubt check with the doctor
- 4.Pay attention when preparing & administering.
- 5.Work in a quiet, well-lit area.
- Check the label when taking from shelf, preparing it, and replacing it on the shelf or disposing of the empty container
- 7.Place order & medication side by side 8.Check the strength and route
- 9.Read the labels carefully.
- 10. Check patient’s record for allergies. 11. Check the expiration date
- 12. Be aware changes in the medication.
- 13.Measure exactly.
- 14. Keep sharps containers close to the area.
- 15. For all procedures, wear gloves.
- 16. Stay with the patient while taking oral medication.
- 17. Never return medication to the container after it has been removed.
- 18. Never recap, bend, or break unused needles.
- 19.Never give a medication poured or drawn by someone else.
- 20. Always lock the medication cabinet.
- 21. Limit access to medication cabinet keys.
- 22. Never document medication given by someone else.
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Metric system most commonly used?
based on multiples of 10 and decimals are
- Length – meter (m)
- Weight – gram (g or gm)
- Volume – liter (L or l)
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Rules for converting Kilograms to pounds?
multiply the kilograms by 2.2
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Rules for converting Pounds to kilograms?
divide the pounds by 2.2
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Method for Calculating Adult Dosages
(Desired ÷ On hand) × Quantity = Dose
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Rules for Calculating pediatric dosages for children 12 months to 12 years old?
- Young’s rule
- [Child’s age ÷ (Child’s age + 2) × Adult dose = Child’s dose
- Clark’s rule
- (Child’s weight ÷ 150) × Adult dose = Child’s dose
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What rules are used to calculate pedicatric dosages for infants younger than age 2?
- Fried’s rule
- (Child’s age in months ÷ 150) × Adult dose = Child’s dose
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Routes of Medication vary by medication because of what factors?
- Cost
- Safety
- Speed by when the drug is absorbed
- ?Some drugs have multiple routes of administration
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What method of administring drug is prefered by the patient
- Oral
- Easiest to administer
- Usually slower to take effect
- Cannot be used
- ?Unconscious
- ?Nauseous or
- vomiting
- Ordered to take noting by mouth
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What is sublingual route?
- placed under tongue
- absorbed directly into bloodstream through the oral mucosa
- covering the sublingual vessals
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Things about the buccal route?
- placed in the pouch between the cheek and gum
- absorbed through the vascular oral mucosa
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When is Transdermal Administration used:
- Produces a systematic effect
- Absorbed through the skin
- Slow absorption to maintain a steady, stable level of medication
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Why is inhalation used to administre medication?
- throught the lungs
- Administration of medication, water vapor, or gas
- Absorbed quickly through the alveolar walls
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Principles of Intravenous (IV) therapy?
- Sterile solution
- injected through a catheter or needle inserted into a vein by venipuncture
- Quickest action
- Enters the bloodstream immediately
- ?Equipment
- Fluids (chosen by the physician)
- IV catheter (angiocatheter)
- Tubing and valve
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Determining the amount of fluid to be administered
(Volume in milliliters ÷ Time in minutes) × Drop factor (gtt/min) = Drops per minute
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troubleshooting problems
- Phlebitis
- ?Can occur when the intravenous catheter has caused inflammation of the vein or when an infection is present
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What information should be recorded in the patient's medical record after administering any medication?
- name of medication
- dose
- route
- site (if injected)
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What are the three systems used to measure medications?
- metric
- apothecray
- household system
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An example of an antagonist effect is?
an adrenergic and blocking agent ordered together
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