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What are the 3 functions of blood?
- Transportation
- Regulation of body temperature
- Protection from disease & infection
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Function of blood:
O2, CO2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, & hormone
Transportation
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Function of blood:
Vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heat
Regulation of body temperature
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Function of blood:
Contains cells of the immune defence system
Protection from disease and infection
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Thicker (more viscous) than water & slightly adhesive
Physical characteristics of blood
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What is the temperature of blood?
Temperature of 100.4 degrees F (38 C)
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What is the pH of blood?
7.4 (7.35-7.45)
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What % of total body weight is blood?
Blood
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What is the average blood volume for a male/female
- male: 5-6 liters
- female: 4-5 liters
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Blood consists of ____________ and ______________ ________
plasma; formed elements (cells)
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What % of blood is plasma?
55%
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What % of blood are cells?
45%
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What % of blood cells are red?
99% RBC
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Blood plasmsa is over _____ % water
over 90%
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Blood plasma:
Created in liver
Confined to bloodstream
plasma proteins (7%)
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Blood plasma:
Maintain blood osmotic pressure
albumin
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Blood plasma:
antibodies bind to foreign substances called _______
antigens
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Blood plasma:
antibodies bind to foreignsubstances called antigens
globulins (immunoglobulins)
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Blood plasma:
For clotting
Fibrinogen
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What % of blood is not water or plasma proteins?
2% other substances
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Blood plasma:
Electrolytes (Na and Cl ions), nutrients, hormones, vitamins, gases (CO2), waste products (urea, ammonia)
other substances found in the blood
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What are the formed elements of blood?
- RBC (erythrocytes)
- WBC (leukocytes)
- Platelets (special cell fragments)
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What are the 2 types of white blood cells?
- Granular leukocytes
- Agranular leukocytes
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Contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin that gives blood its red color– 1/3 of cell’s weight is hemoglobin
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) or Erythrocytes
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What type of disk is RBCs?
Biconcave disk
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– increased surface area/volume ratio
– flexible shape for narrow passages
– no nucleus or other organelle
Biconcave disk
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What speed do RBC enter circulation?
new RBCs enter circulation at 2 million/second from red bone marrow
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What is the life span of RBCs?
approximately 120 days
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Why do RBCs live only 120 days?
- – wear out from bending to fit through capillaries
- – no repair possible due to lack of organelle
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How are worn out RBCs removed?
- By fixed macrophages in spleen and liver
- Breakdown products are recycled
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What does globin consist of?
4 polypeptide chains
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Attached to each polypeptide chain
One heme pigment
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Each heme contains an _____ _____ (Fe+2) that can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecul
iron ion
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Can carry 4 oxygen molecules from lungs to tissue cells
Each hemoglobin molecule
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Transports 23% of total CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs for release
– combines with amino acids in globin portion of Hb
– CO2 also travels dissolved in blood plasma
Hemoglobin
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have a nucleus and no hemoglobin
WBCs (leukocytes)
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Granular or agranular classification based on presence of cytoplasmic granules made visible by staining
WBCs (leukocytes)
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WBC:
neutrophils, eosinophils or basophils
Granulocytes
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WBC:
monocyes or lymphocytes
Agranulocytes
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• Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
• Nuclei = 2 to 5 lobes connected by thin strands
Neutrophils (Granulocyte)
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• Granules filled with digestive enzymes
• Function-phagocytic
Neutrophils (Granulocyte)
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Fastest response of all WBC to bacteria
Neutrophil function
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Release lysozymes which destroy/digest bacteria
Release defensin proteins that act like antibiotics & poke holes in bacterial cell walls destroying them
Release strong oxidants (bleach-like, strong chemicals ) that destroy bacteria
Neutrophil Function (Direct actions against bacteria)
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Nucleus with 2 or 3 lobes connected by a thin strand
Large, uniform-sized granules stain orangered with acidic dyes
Granules contain enzymes that end allergic reactions and attack parasites
Eosinophils (Granulocyte)
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Large, dark purple, variable-sized granules
Irregular, multi-lobed nuclei
Granules contain substances that intensify inflammatory reaction (histamine)
Basophils (Granulocyte)
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Dark, oval to round nucleus
Do not contain granules
Play a role in immunity
Lymphocyte (Agranulocyte)
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Lymphocyte Functions:
Destroy bacteria and their toxins
Turn into plasma cells that produces antibodies
B cells
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Lymphocyte Functions
– attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells & some bacteria
T cells
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Nucleus is kidney or horse-shoe shaped
Largest WBC in circulating blood
Monocyte (Agranulocyte)
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Does not remain in blood long before migrating to the tissues
Differentiate into macrophages
• fixed group found in specific tissues
– alveolar macrophages in lungs
– kupffer cells in liver
• wandering group gathers at sites of infection
Monocyte (Agranulocyte)
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Less numerous than RBCs
– 4000 to 11,000 cells per drop of blood
WBC
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A high white blood cell count– microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia or surgery
Leukocytosis
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Low white blood cell count
– radiation, shock or chemotherapy
Leukopenia
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Are produced in the red bone marrow
WBCs
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Emigration & Phagocytosis in WBCs:
Roll along endothelium, stick to it & squeeze between cells.
WBCs
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Help WBCs stick to endothelium
-displayed near site of injury
Adhesion molecules (selectins)
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Found on neutrophils assist in movement through wall
Molecules (integrins)
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phagocytize bacteria & debris
– chemotaxis of both
• kinins from injury site & toxins
Neutrophils & macrophages
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Disc-shaped, 2 - 4 micron cell fragment with no nucleus
Are fragments of large cells called megakaryocyte
Platelet (Thrombocyte)
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Promote blood clotting by sticking together in response to certain release factors released from the wall of damaged blood vessels
Platelet (Thrombocyte)
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Injecting previously stored RBC’s before an athletic event– more cells available to deliver oxygen to tissues
Blood Doping
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Why is blood doping dangerous?
- – increases blood viscosity
- – forces heart to work harder
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