Bio CH 9 Vocab

process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all their genetic material from one parent

process in which genetic material from two parents combines and produces offspring that differ genetically from either parent

combination of DNA and protein molecules, in the form of long, thin fibers, making up the genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide

one of a pair of identical chromosomes created before a cell divides

region where two sister chromatids are joined tightly together

sequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces

stage of the cell cycle during which a cell carries out its metabolic processes and performs its functions in the body

stage of the cell cycle when a cell is actively dividing

process by which the nucleus and duplicated chromosomes of a cell divide and are evenly distributed, forming two daughter nuclei

process by which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided in two; usually follows mitosis and meiosis

framework of microtubules that guide the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis

region of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contains structures called centrioles

first stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, when the already replicated chromosomes condense

second stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II when the spindle is fully formed and all of the chromosomes are held in place

third phase of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, in which the sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles of the spindle

final stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, in which the chromosomes reach the spindle poles, nuclear envelopes form around each set of daughter chromosomes, and the nucleoli reappear

disk containing cell wall material that develops in plant cells during cytokinesis, eventually dividing the cell into two daughter cells

mass of cells that remain at their original site

mass of abnormal cells resulting from uncontrolled cancer cell division

disease caused by severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle

spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body

type of cell division that produces four cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell

display of a person's 46 chromosomes

one of a matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent

one of two chromosomes of the 23rd pair of human chromosomes, which determine an individual's gender

having two homologous sets of chromosomes

egg or sperm sex cell that contains a single set of chromosomes, one from each homologous pair

having a single set of chromosomes

the fusion of the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell and the nucleus of a haploid egg cell, forming a diploid zygote

diploid cell formed when the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of a haploid egg cell

group of four chromatids formed during prophase I of meiosis by the two sister chromatids in each of the two homologous chromosomes

exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis