Biology

Genetic adaption of a population of organisms to its environment overtime.

• Species - Biological species concept. A population of organisms that is or potentially reproductively isolated from other populations.
• Populations - A group of the same species reproducing in same area

• Adaption is the accumulation of inherited characteristics that often enhances an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments.
• -modification of stucture, function, or behavior.
• -Example: forelimbs of tetrapods modified for running, swimming, flying,etc.
• - modifications are passed to offspring - heredity.

• 1. Lamarck-produced the first explicit hypothesis of evolution (1809)- not accepted by scientific community
• 2.Darwin-Theory of evolution- widely accepted by scientific community.
• 3.Wallace-concieved the theory of natural selection- survival of the fittest

• 1. Fossil Record- remnants if organisms
• 2.Biogeography- study of the distribution of living organisms
• 3.Comparative Anatomy-Example: forelimbs in vertebrates
• 4.Comparative Embryology-vestigial structures
• 5.Comparative Biochemistry-organisms have the same biochemical molecules.

The differential survival and reproduction of individual living organisms with certain, advantageous characteristics

• 1. homologous structures- structures that are similiar in different organisms; organisms derived from a common ancestor.
• 2.analogous-Anatomy
• 3.vestigial structures- features that are fully developed in one group of organisms but are reduced and may have no function in similiar groups.

• 1.Microevolution is change in allele fequencies in a population over a short period of time.
• 2.Macroevolution is the results in the formation of new species or other groupings of living organisms.

• Speciation- origination of new species as a result of the evolutionary process of descent with modification
• Extinction- total disappearance of a species; 98% of all species have gone extinct.

• 1. Allopatric- involving geographic separation of populations.
• 2.Sympatric- genetic differences develop gradually among members of an initially randomly mating population, resulting in reproductive isolation.
• 3.Parapatric- occurs in a group of organisms found between two neighboring populations, which share a border zone

Constituting a separate evolutionary lineage that is prevented by geographic or biological barriers from interbreeding with other populations.

• A population started by only a few colonizing individuals containing only a small random sample of the alleles present in the ancestral population.
• Examples: such as many bird populations of islands like galapagos finches, hawaiian honeycreepers, and old world flycatchers.

• Occurs when the size of a genetically diverse population drastically falls and a few individuals mate.
• Examples: Cheetahs of south and east africa

The discipline of naming, identifying, classifying, and describing biological diversity.

a feature that is an observable or measurable part of, or attribute of an organism

characters of the same origin found in two different taxa

• 1. Primitive characters- ancestral character, primary or basic, existing in the beginning or the earliest times or ages.
• 2.Derived character- descendant character, not original, originated

• Developed by Carolus Linnaeus
• System of naming organisms using two elements
• scientific name or species
• 1.Genus
• 2. Specific epithet

• Cell wall
• Domain Archaea- composed of pseudopeptidoglycan
• Domain Bacteria- composed of peptidoglycan
• Plasma membrane - composed of phospholipid bilayer and interspersed proteins.
• Nucleoid - long, circular strand of DNA; bacterial chromosome
• Plasmid DNA- small, circular or linear strand of DNA; found in multiple copies
• Ribosomes and unit membranes
• no nucleus
• no mb organelles
• no cyto skeleton free floating DNA
• single celled
• reproduce different
• pili
• small size

• Heterotroph- an organism that cannot derive energy from photosynthesis or inorganic chemicals, and so they must feed on other plants and animals.
• Autotrophs- an organism able to build all the complex organic molecules that it requires as its own food source

• Asexual- the process by which an individual inherits all of its chromosomes from a single parent being genetically identical
• Sexual- the process of producing offspring through an alternation of fertilization

• Biomediation
• nitrogen fixation
• decomposers
• mining
• pharmaceuticals- insulin, cortisone, vaccines
• food- vinegar, pickles, cheeses sourcream etc

• streptococcus
• salmonella
• gangrene
• anthrax
• ecoli

• Vaccines
• Antibiotics
• antiseptics, disinfectants, antibacterial products

• Infectous agents
• nonliving particles
• can only reproduce with help of host cell
• lack of cellular structure (noncellular)
• Much smaller than bacteria

• Capsid - composed of proteins subunits called capsomeres.
• Inner core of nucleic acid
• Double stranded or single stranded DNA or Double or single stranded RNA
• Linear ir circular nucleic acid consists of 4-400 genes

• Rna animal viruses
• Have the enzyme reverse transcriptase that carries out synthesis of DNA from RNA template
• Typically have high mutation rates because replication of the nucleic acid lacks proofreading
• Example: HIV

• 1.chicken pox/shingles
• 2.Flu
• 3.Herpes
• 4.Hepatitis
• 5.Measles
• Vaccines
• Interferon
• Antiviral pharmaceuticals

• Viroid- highly wound circular RNA that causes diseases in plants
• Prion- causes infectious diseases in animals

• 1. DTP-(Bacterial)diptheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough)
• 2.PCV-(Bacterial)pneumococcal conjugate vaccine(meningitis)
• 3.Polio-(viral)infantile paralysis
• 4.MMR-(Viral)measles, mumps, rubella
• 5.HIB-(Bacterial)meningitis
• 6.Hep A+B(Viral)liver diseases
• 7.Varicella-(viral)chicken pox/shingles