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All of the following are part of the phosphorylation cascade model except:
B. GTP donates a phosphate group to an active protein kinase
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The steroid hormone testosterone functions inside a cell by
E. binding with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates specific genes
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The response of a particular cell to a specific chemical signal depends on its particular collection of
D. receptor proteins, relay proteins, and proteins needed to carry out the response
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All of the following are true of cell communication systems except:
B. most signal receptors are bound to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
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Which of the following are widely used second messengers in signal-transduction pathways?
A. calcium ions and cyclic AMP
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The process of transduction usually begins:
C. when the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way
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Chemical signal pathways
E. usually involve signal molecules binding to a target cell surface protein
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Most signal molecules:
D. Bind to specific sites on receptor proteins in a membrane and are water soluble.
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From the perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling are:
B. signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response.
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Which of the following is true of synaptic signaling and hormone signaling?
B. Hormone signaling is important between cells that are at greater distances apart than in synaptic signaling.
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