enzymes/metabolism

TOTALITY OF AN ORGANISMS CHEMICAL REACTIONS

ARISES FROM INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MOLECULES WITHIN CELLS

BEGINS WITH A SPECIFIC MOLECULE AND ENDS WITH A PRODUCT

EACH STEP IS CATALYZED BY A SPECIFIC ENZYME

RELEASE ENERGY BY BREAKING DOWN COMPLEZ MOLECULES INTO SIMPLER COMPOUND

EX. CELLULAR RESPIRATION

BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN, IS AN EXAMPLE OF A PATHWAY OF CATABOLISM

CONSUME ENERGY TO BULD COMPLEX MOLECULES FROM SIMPLER ONES

EX SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN FROM AMINO ACIDS

STUDY OF HOW ORGANISM MANAGE THEIR ENERGY RESOURCES

CAPACITY TO CAUSE CHANGE

EXIST IN VARIOUS FORMS SOME OF WHICH CAN PERFORM WORK

ENERGY ASSOCIATED WITH MOTION

IS KENETIC NEGERGY ASSOCIATED WITH RANDOMW MOVEMENT OF ATOMS OR MOLECULES

ENERGY THAT MATTER POSSESSED BECAUSE OF ITS LOCATION OR STRUCTURE

POTENTIAL ENERGY AVAILABLE RELEASE IN A CHEMICAL REACTION

CAN BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER

STUDY OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATION

SUCH AS THAT APPROXIMATED Y LIQUID IN A THERMOS IS ISOLATED FROM ITS SURRONDING

ENERGY AND MATTER CAN BE TRANSFERRED BETWEEN THE SYSTEM AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

ORGANISM IS OPEN SYSTEM

THE ENERGY OF THE UNIVERSE IS CONSTANT

ENERGY CAN BE TRANSFERED AND TRANSFORMED BUT IT CANNOT BE CREATED OF DESTROYED

ALSO CALLED PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

DURING EVERY ENERGY TRANSFER OR TRANSFORMATION SOME ENERGY IS UNUSABLE, AND IS OFTEN LOST AS HEAT

EVERY ENERGY TRANSFERS OR TRANSFORMATION INCREASES THE ENTROPY (DISORDER) OF THE UNIVERSE

UNAVOIDABLY CONVERT ORGANIZED FORMS OF ENERGY TO HEAT

OCCUR WITHOUT ENERGY INPUT: THEY CAN HAPPEN QUICKLY OR SLOWLY

FOR PROCESS TO OCCUR NO ENERGY IT MUST INCREASE THE ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE

CELLS CREATE STRUCTURES FROM LESS ORDERED MATERIALS

ORGANISM ALSO REPLACE ORDERED FORMS OF MATTER AND ENERGY WITH LESS ORDERED FORMS

ENERGY FLOWS INTO AN ECOSYSTEM IN THE FORM OF LIGHT AND EXITS IN THE FORM OF HEAT

(DISORDER) MAY DECREASE IN A ORGANISM, BUT THE UNIVERSES TOTAL ENTROPHY INCREASE

ENERGY THAT CAN DO WORK WHEN TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ARE UNIFORM AS IN A LIVING CELL

CHANGE IN FREE ENERGY (^G ) DURING A PROCESS IS RELATED TO CHANGE IN ENHALPY OR CHANGE IN TOTAL ENERGY ( ^H ) CHANGE IN ENTROPY ( ^S ) AND THE TEMPERATURE IN KELVIN (T)

ONLY PROCESS WITH A NEGATIVE ^G

SPONTANEOUS PROCESSES CAN BE HARNESSED TO PERFOM WORK

free energy decreases and stability of a system increases

can perfomr work only when its moving toward equilibrium

state of maximum stability

• more free energy (higher G)
• less stabble
• greater work capacity
• >>>>
• spontaneous change
• -free energy of the systemm decreases
• -system becomes more stable
• -released free energy can hanessed to do work
• >>>>>
• -less free energy (lower G)
• -more stable
• -less work capacity

proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

(energy is released)

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous

(energy is required)

• chemical
• transport
• mechanical

(powered by hydrolysis of ATP)

use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

(most energy coupling in cells mediated by ATP)

Cells energy shuttle

composed of ribose (a sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and 3 phosephate groups

ATP drives endergonic reactions by phosphorylation trasfeerring a phosphate group to some other molecule such as a reactant

ATP renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell

chemical agent that speeds up the reaction without being consumed by the reaction

catalytic protein

initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

region on the enzyme where the subtrate binds

nonprotein enzymes helpers

bind to the active site of an enzyme

binds to another part of an enzyme cause he enzyme to change shape

may either inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity

a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzymes activity