ARISES FROM INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MOLECULES WITHIN CELLS
METABOLIC PATHWAY
BEGINS WITH A SPECIFIC MOLECULE AND ENDS WITH A PRODUCT
EACH STEP IS CATALYZED BY A SPECIFIC ENZYME
CATABOLIC PATHWAYS
RELEASE ENERGY BY BREAKING DOWN COMPLEZ MOLECULES INTO SIMPLER COMPOUND
EX. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN, IS AN EXAMPLE OF A PATHWAY OF CATABOLISM
ANABOLIC PATHWAYS
CONSUME ENERGY TO BULD COMPLEX MOLECULES FROM SIMPLER ONES
EX SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN FROM AMINO ACIDS
BIOENERGETICS
STUDY OF HOW ORGANISM MANAGE THEIR ENERGY RESOURCES
ENERGY
CAPACITY TO CAUSE CHANGE
EXIST IN VARIOUS FORMS SOME OF WHICH CAN PERFORM WORK
KINETIC ENERGY
ENERGY ASSOCIATED WITH MOTION
HEAT (THERMAL ENERGY)
IS KENETIC NEGERGY ASSOCIATED WITH RANDOMW MOVEMENT OF ATOMS OR MOLECULES
POTENTIAL ENERGY
ENERGY THAT MATTER POSSESSED BECAUSE OF ITS LOCATION OR STRUCTURE
CHEMICAL ENERGY
POTENTIAL ENERGY AVAILABLE RELEASE IN A CHEMICAL REACTION
ENERGY CONVERTED
CAN BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER
THERMODYNAMICS
STUDY OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
THERMODYNAMICS- CLOSED SYSTEM
SUCH AS THAT APPROXIMATED Y LIQUID IN A THERMOS IS ISOLATED FROM ITS SURRONDING
THERMODYNAMICS-OPEN SYSTEM
ENERGY AND MATTER CAN BE TRANSFERRED BETWEEN THE SYSTEM AND ITS SURROUNDINGS
ORGANISM IS OPEN SYSTEM
1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
THE ENERGY OF THE UNIVERSE IS CONSTANT
ENERGY CAN BE TRANSFERED AND TRANSFORMED BUT IT CANNOT BE CREATED OF DESTROYED
ALSO CALLED PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
ENERGY TRANSFER
DURING EVERY ENERGY TRANSFER OR TRANSFORMATION SOME ENERGY IS UNUSABLE, AND IS OFTEN LOST AS HEAT
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
EVERY ENERGY TRANSFERS OR TRANSFORMATION INCREASES THE ENTROPY (DISORDER) OF THE UNIVERSE
LIVING CELLS
UNAVOIDABLY CONVERT ORGANIZED FORMS OF ENERGY TO HEAT
SPONTANEOUS PROCESS
OCCUR WITHOUT ENERGY INPUT: THEY CAN HAPPEN QUICKLY OR SLOWLY
FOR PROCESS TO OCCUR NO ENERGY IT MUST INCREASE THE ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE
ORDERED STRUCTURES
CELLS CREATE STRUCTURES FROM LESS ORDERED MATERIALS
ORDERED FORMS
ORGANISM ALSO REPLACE ORDERED FORMS OF MATTER AND ENERGY WITH LESS ORDERED FORMS
ENERGY ECOSYSTEM
ENERGY FLOWS INTO AN ECOSYSTEM IN THE FORM OF LIGHT AND EXITS IN THE FORM OF HEAT
ENTROPY
(DISORDER) MAY DECREASE IN A ORGANISM, BUT THE UNIVERSES TOTAL ENTROPHY INCREASE
FREE ENERGY
ENERGY THAT CAN DO WORK WHEN TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ARE UNIFORM AS IN A LIVING CELL
^G = ^H - T^S
CHANGE IN FREE ENERGY (^G ) DURING A PROCESS IS RELATED TO CHANGE IN ENHALPY OR CHANGE IN TOTAL ENERGY ( ^H ) CHANGE IN ENTROPY ( ^S ) AND THE TEMPERATURE IN KELVIN (T)
SPONTANEOUS
ONLY PROCESS WITH A NEGATIVE ^G
SPONTANEOUS PROCESSES CAN BE HARNESSED TO PERFOM WORK
Spontaneous Change
free energy decreases and stability of a system increases
can perfomr work only when its moving toward equilibrium
equilibrium
state of maximum stability
example
more free energy (higher G)
less stabble
greater work capacity
>>>>
spontaneous change
-free energy of the systemm decreases
-system becomes more stable
-released free energy can hanessed to do work
>>>>>
-less free energy (lower G)
-more stable
-less work capacity
exergonic reaction
proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous
(energy is released)
endergonic reaction
absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous
(energy is required)
cell 3 main kinds of work
chemical
transport
mechanical
(powered by hydrolysis of ATP)
energy coupling
use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
(most energy coupling in cells mediated by ATP)
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Cells energy shuttle
composed of ribose (a sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and 3 phosephate groups
Phoshorylated
ATP drives endergonic reactions by phosphorylation trasfeerring a phosphate group to some other molecule such as a reactant
Regeneration of ATP
ATP renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell
catalyst
chemical agent that speeds up the reaction without being consumed by the reaction
enzyme
catalytic protein
activation energy
initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction
active site
region on the enzyme where the subtrate binds
cofactors
nonprotein enzymes helpers
competitive inhibitors
bind to the active site of an enzyme
noncompetive inhibitors
binds to another part of an enzyme cause he enzyme to change shape
allosteric regulation
may either inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity
cooperativity
a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzymes activity