enzymes/metabolism

  1. METABOLISM
    TOTALITY OF AN ORGANISMS CHEMICAL REACTIONS

    ARISES FROM INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MOLECULES WITHIN CELLS
  2. METABOLIC PATHWAY
    BEGINS WITH A SPECIFIC MOLECULE AND ENDS WITH A PRODUCT

    EACH STEP IS CATALYZED BY A SPECIFIC ENZYME
  3. CATABOLIC PATHWAYS
    RELEASE ENERGY BY BREAKING DOWN COMPLEZ MOLECULES INTO SIMPLER COMPOUND

    EX. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
  4. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
    BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN, IS AN EXAMPLE OF A PATHWAY OF CATABOLISM
  5. ANABOLIC PATHWAYS
    CONSUME ENERGY TO BULD COMPLEX MOLECULES FROM SIMPLER ONES

    EX SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN FROM AMINO ACIDS
  6. BIOENERGETICS
    STUDY OF HOW ORGANISM MANAGE THEIR ENERGY RESOURCES
  7. ENERGY
    CAPACITY TO CAUSE CHANGE

    EXIST IN VARIOUS FORMS SOME OF WHICH CAN PERFORM WORK
  8. KINETIC ENERGY
    ENERGY ASSOCIATED WITH MOTION
  9. HEAT (THERMAL ENERGY)
    IS KENETIC NEGERGY ASSOCIATED WITH RANDOMW MOVEMENT OF ATOMS OR MOLECULES
  10. POTENTIAL ENERGY
    ENERGY THAT MATTER POSSESSED BECAUSE OF ITS LOCATION OR STRUCTURE
  11. CHEMICAL ENERGY
    POTENTIAL ENERGY AVAILABLE RELEASE IN A CHEMICAL REACTION
  12. ENERGY CONVERTED
    CAN BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER
  13. THERMODYNAMICS
    STUDY OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
  14. THERMODYNAMICS- CLOSED SYSTEM
    SUCH AS THAT APPROXIMATED Y LIQUID IN A THERMOS IS ISOLATED FROM ITS SURRONDING
  15. THERMODYNAMICS-OPEN SYSTEM
    ENERGY AND MATTER CAN BE TRANSFERRED BETWEEN THE SYSTEM AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

    ORGANISM IS OPEN SYSTEM
  16. 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
    THE ENERGY OF THE UNIVERSE IS CONSTANT

    ENERGY CAN BE TRANSFERED AND TRANSFORMED BUT IT CANNOT BE CREATED OF DESTROYED

    ALSO CALLED PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
  17. ENERGY TRANSFER
    DURING EVERY ENERGY TRANSFER OR TRANSFORMATION SOME ENERGY IS UNUSABLE, AND IS OFTEN LOST AS HEAT
  18. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
    EVERY ENERGY TRANSFERS OR TRANSFORMATION INCREASES THE ENTROPY (DISORDER) OF THE UNIVERSE
  19. LIVING CELLS
    UNAVOIDABLY CONVERT ORGANIZED FORMS OF ENERGY TO HEAT
  20. SPONTANEOUS PROCESS
    OCCUR WITHOUT ENERGY INPUT: THEY CAN HAPPEN QUICKLY OR SLOWLY

    FOR PROCESS TO OCCUR NO ENERGY IT MUST INCREASE THE ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE
  21. ORDERED STRUCTURES
    CELLS CREATE STRUCTURES FROM LESS ORDERED MATERIALS
  22. ORDERED FORMS
    ORGANISM ALSO REPLACE ORDERED FORMS OF MATTER AND ENERGY WITH LESS ORDERED FORMS
  23. ENERGY ECOSYSTEM
    ENERGY FLOWS INTO AN ECOSYSTEM IN THE FORM OF LIGHT AND EXITS IN THE FORM OF HEAT
  24. ENTROPY
    (DISORDER) MAY DECREASE IN A ORGANISM, BUT THE UNIVERSES TOTAL ENTROPHY INCREASE
  25. FREE ENERGY
    ENERGY THAT CAN DO WORK WHEN TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ARE UNIFORM AS IN A LIVING CELL
  26. ^G = ^H - T^S
    CHANGE IN FREE ENERGY (^G ) DURING A PROCESS IS RELATED TO CHANGE IN ENHALPY OR CHANGE IN TOTAL ENERGY ( ^H ) CHANGE IN ENTROPY ( ^S ) AND THE TEMPERATURE IN KELVIN (T)
  27. SPONTANEOUS
    ONLY PROCESS WITH A NEGATIVE ^G

    SPONTANEOUS PROCESSES CAN BE HARNESSED TO PERFOM WORK
  28. Spontaneous Change
    free energy decreases and stability of a system increases

    can perfomr work only when its moving toward equilibrium
  29. equilibrium
    state of maximum stability
  30. example
    • more free energy (higher G)
    • less stabble
    • greater work capacity
    • >>>>
    • spontaneous change
    • -free energy of the systemm decreases
    • -system becomes more stable
    • -released free energy can hanessed to do work
    • >>>>>
    • -less free energy (lower G)
    • -more stable
    • -less work capacity
  31. exergonic reaction
    proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

    (energy is released)
  32. endergonic reaction
    absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous

    (energy is required)
  33. cell 3 main kinds of work
    • chemical
    • transport
    • mechanical

    (powered by hydrolysis of ATP)
  34. energy coupling
    use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

    (most energy coupling in cells mediated by ATP)
  35. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
    Cells energy shuttle

    composed of ribose (a sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and 3 phosephate groups
  36. Phoshorylated
    ATP drives endergonic reactions by phosphorylation trasfeerring a phosphate group to some other molecule such as a reactant
  37. Regeneration of ATP
    ATP renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

    energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell
  38. catalyst
    chemical agent that speeds up the reaction without being consumed by the reaction
  39. enzyme
    catalytic protein
  40. activation energy
    initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction
  41. active site
    region on the enzyme where the subtrate binds
  42. cofactors
    nonprotein enzymes helpers
  43. competitive inhibitors
    bind to the active site of an enzyme
  44. noncompetive inhibitors
    binds to another part of an enzyme cause he enzyme to change shape
  45. allosteric regulation
    may either inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity
  46. cooperativity
    a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzymes activity
Author
datgrl_honey
ID
117023
Card Set
enzymes/metabolism
Description
enzymes/metabolism
Updated