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Define Plasma:
Constitutes 55% of Blood, Approx. 8% protein (Albumin,globulins and fibrinogen), Contains clotting factors
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Define Serum:
=plasma minus the clotting factors
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3 major functions of blood:
- 1) Transportation
- 2) Waste Removal
- 3) Regulate heat and fluid volume
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45% of blood is made up of formed elements. What are the three major elements?
- RBC's
- Leukocytes (WBCs)
- Thrombocytes
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One of Albumins greatest functions is what?
balancing osmotic pressure
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Globulins do what?
Transport ions, hormones and lipids
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Plasma cells produce…
Immunoglobulins (Ig) which are antibodies
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Platelets are also known as…
Thrombocytes
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What is a normal PCV range in domestic animals?
24-57
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Average size of an erythrocyte is:
5 um diameter in domestic animals (7.5 um in dog, 3-4 um in goat)
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The immature form of an RBC is called a:
Reticulocyte
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Why look at blood smears?
To see cell size, shape and staining affinity
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Define Anisocytosis:
abnormal variation in size of RBCs
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Define Poikilocytosis: What species is poikilocytosis normal in?
Variation in shape of RBCs, Goats and deer
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What is the avg. lifespan for an RBC?
120 days, 90% phagocytosed by spleen, liver and bone marrow, 10% broken down in blood
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The greater surface area of the RBC helps to enhance what?
Gas exchange
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Define crenation:
Abnormal notchings around edges of RBS (spiked appearance)
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Define Rouleau Formation:
Stacking of RBC's, common in the equine
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Central Pallor:
lighter central area of RBC seen in cats and dogs
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RBC's are anucleated in all species except in…
Birds and reptiles
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Define macrocyte:
A larger than normal RBC
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Define Microcyte:
RBC smaller than normal for that species
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Define Polycythemia:
Increased Hct, RBC's and Hb
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Define Hypochromia:
Decreased cytoplasmic staining and increased pallor
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Define Reticulocytosis/penia:
Increased/decreased reticulocytes
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Define Hb E:
Embryonic Hemoglobin
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Define Hb F:
Fetal Hemoglobin
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Define Hb A:
Hemoglobin of adults
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Life stages of an Erythrocyte:
Proerythrocyte to basophilic erythroblast to polychromatophilic erythroblast to orthochromatophilic erythroblast to reticulocyte to MATURE RBC
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What is the order of frequency for Leukocytes in the blood?
- Neutrophils ------- Thousands
- Lymphocytes ----- Thousands
- Monocytes -------- Hundreds
- Eosinophils ------- Hundreds
- Basophils ---------- Scores
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What are the four types of granulocytes?
Basophils, Banded Neutrophils (immature), Segmented Neutrophils (mature), and eosinophils
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What are the two types of Agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
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Key characteristics of Neutrophils:
- -Associated with BACTERIAL infections
- -2-5 nuclear lobes
- -9-12 um in diameter
- -named for lack in cytoplasmic staining
- -Most common WBC in Dogs, Cats, and Horses
- -Phagocytic in blood or CT
- -Short lifespan 95-10 hrs in blood, 1-4 days in tissue)
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What's the most common WBC in dogs cats and horses?
Neutrophils
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What's the most common WBC in ruminants and birds?
Lymphocyte
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What WBC is associated with becterial infections?
Neutrophils
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What WBC is associated with parasites and/or allergic reactions?
Eosinophils
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What WBC is associated with allergies?
Basophils
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Eosinophil granules contain what? Eosinophils also contain…
- MBP (Major Basic Protein) enzyme (hydrolyzing)
- Eosinophils also contain, ecp (eosinophilic cationic protein), epo (eosinophilic peroxidase), and edn (eosinophilic derived neurotoxin)
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Key characteristics of Eosinophils:
- -motile, capable of diapedeis (movement through capillary walls)
- - 12-15 um in diameter
- - allergy and parasite reactions
- - common in dermis, bronchial tree, vagina, uterus
- - 2-4% of WBCs
- - eosinophilic granules
- - bi-lobed nucleus
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Name three distinguishing characteristics of Horse Blood:
- 1) Rouleau formation
- 2) Bright red and raspberry shaped eosinophils
- 3) No reticulocytes
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Name major characteristics of basophils:
- 0-1% or WBCs
- 12-15 um in diameter
- Closely related to Mast cells
- Allergy response!
- Contain histamine and heparin
- Vasodialate and increase vascular permeability
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Characteristics of Monocytes:
- "Garbagemen" of the body
- Phagocytose- clean whatever tissue they have entered and differentiate ex: Kupffer cells in the liver, microgliocytes in the CNS, etc.
- 3-5% of WBCs
- Large pale nucleus usually indented on one side
- 12-20 um in diameter- LARGEST
- Lysosomes in cytoplasm
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T/F You can differentiate T and B lymphocytes histologically.
False
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Define ECF:
Eosinophilic Stimulating Factor- stimulates histamine and heparin release from basophils which leads to anaphylaxis
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What are the contents of Neutrophils?
Lysozomes, lactoferrin, phagocytins, and peroxidase
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Major characteristics of Lymphocytes:
- Agranulocyte
- 20-60% WBC
- Round, nucleus, round cell and thin rim of cytoplasm
- T and B cells (90% T)
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Define T cells:
produce cell-mediated immune responses
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Define B cells:
produce humoral-antibody responses
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T/F Most lymphocytes continuously recirculate between blood and lymph
True
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Define platelets:
Sticky, can contract as part of clot formation, contain actin and myosin, originate from megakaryocytic
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What is the only blood cell to recirculate?
Lymphocytes
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Define granuloma:
A collection of modified macrophages usually surrounded by a layer of lymphocytes
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Avian blood has:
- Nucleated RBC's
- Oval shaped RBC's
- Live longer than Mammalian RBCs
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What type of Lymphocyte differentiates into plasma cells when stimulated? What does the plasma cell produce?
B lymphocytes can differentiate into plasma cells to secrete antibodies
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Natural Killer cells originate from what?
T Lymphocytes
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Define Thrombocytes:
Nucleated platelets found i birds, fish and reptiles
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Name the sites of PreNatal hematopoeisis:
embryonic yolk sac, liver, spleen, bone marrow
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Name the site of PostNatal hematopoeisis:
Red Marrow
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Interleukins are produced by…
T lymphocytes. Interleukins are responsible for cell differentiation during hematopoeisis
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CSFs are produced by who?(Colony Stimulating Factors)
Endothelial cells, macrophages and fibroblasts. CSFs are Erythropoeitic Growth Factors
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In birds, the most abundant blood cell type is what? 2nd most abundant?
- #1- Lymphocytes
- #2- Heterophils (pseudoeosinophils)
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