PoliSci Exam 2

False, harmful statements made either through
written or spoken media, often referred to as _____, is not a constitutionally-protected
form of speech

4. Which of the following is NOT part of a defendant’s Miranda rights?

A) The right
to consult an attorney during questioning.

B) The right
to remain silent.

C) The right
to stop answering questions at any time.

D) The right
to an attorney at no cost if indigent.

E) The
right to habeas corpus

Federal Communications Commission

The establishment clause concerns the ability of
individuals to practice the religion of their choice without government
interference. T/F?
True False

A high school student wearing a T-shirt critical
of the president is an example of symbolic speech, and her actions are
supported by the decision in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School
District.T/F?
True False

The_______ clause of the Fourteenth Amendment has been interpreted by the
U.S. Supreme Court as providing specific liberties to protect individuals
against actions by state and local government officials.

Which of the following is NOT a liberty protected under the First Amendment?
A) The right
to petition the government for redress

B) Freedom
of religion

C) Freedom
of speech

D) Freedom
of the press

E) The right
to bear arms

Congress enacted the Religious Freedom Restoration Act in order to...

According to critics, barring sponsored prayers in public schools violates the individual expression of religion by students, demonstrating the tensions between (two clauses)

Claims
that prohibitions against prayer in public schools violate an individual’s
constitutional rights can be argued to be false because

The
exclusionary rule prevents...

Out of the following examples, the right to counsel applies

The Eighth Amendment protects against

In order to be defined as “cruel and unusual,” punishment must ...

The
Constitution outlaws any restrictions on freedom of speech.
True False

Constitutional
protections of freedom of speech are absolute.
True False

Prior
restraint protections do not protect authors against being sued for publication
after the fact.

More
than 90 percent of criminal convictions are obtained through jury trials.

The Sixth Amendment requires that the government
provide an attorney free of charge to any defendant who requests one.
True False

The
statement that “all men are created equal” can be found in the

The
vote was extended to women in 1920 as a result of what amendment?

Through
which pathway have Native American activists succeeded in their attempts to
recover some of the debt owned them by the United States government?

The
Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court during the Brown v. Board of Education
of Topeka case was Earl Warren.

The
founders’ intent behind the words “All men are created equal” was

2. Collectively,
the Civil War Amendments were intended to

Homer
Plessy was arrested and charged with what crime? B) sitting in a white-only train car

The
significance of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of
Education (1954) rests in the fact that it

Which
of the following most accurately describes the pathways taken that resulted in
the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

If a lobbying group wanted to present evidence to support additional policies that
it thought should be put in place to negate discrimination in the workplace,
which agency would the group contact?

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded and led the

Reconstruction
refers to a period after the Civil War in which Union troops occupied the
American South.
True False

The U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson overturned the “separate
but equal” doctrine.

The
1965 Voting Rights Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of race or
ethnicity in voter registration.

Puerto Rico is an “associated commonwealth” of the United States, and its residents
have the right to live and work in the mainland United States.
True False

The elections and lobbying pathways have been
the most important pathways in affecting political change around civil rights.

The
establishment of a bicameral legislature in the United States was the result of

If
a president vetoes a bill, what is the congressional action necessary for
override of the veto?

The
process of redrawing the boundaries of legislative districts is known as

When
the boundaries of an electoral district are drawn to secure a partisan
advantage, the process of redrawing the boundaries of legislative districts is
known as

Because it establishes the conditions under
which proposed legislation is considered by the House of Representatives, the ________ Committee is considered one of
the most powerful committees in Congress.

1. The delegate model of representation argues that the
representatives should “enlarge and refine the public’s will.”

7. Because
it establishes the conditions under which proposed legislation is considered by
the House of Representatives, the _____ Committee is considered one of the most
powerful committees in Congress.

In
the absence of the Vice President of the United States, the presiding officer
in the Senate is the minority leader.

conscience
model of representation, legislators should

Under
the delegate model of representation, legislators should

An
elected representative who strictly adheres to the will of their constituents
is said to act according to the

Russ
Feingold and Edward Kennedy were vocal opponents of the Iraq War and voted
against the war in 2002, despite widespread popular support for the
authorization of war against Iraq. Their vote can best be understood through
the .

During
the impeachment trial of President Clinton, Representative Henry Hyde argued
“We’re not delegates who are sent here to weigh our mail every day and then to
vote accordingly. We are elected to bring our judgment, our experience, and our
consciences with us here.” Hyde’s claim is an argument in favor of the

Representative
Sherwood Boehlert’s argument that legislators should use the “pillow test”—that
legislators should follow the will of their constituents until doing so keeps
the legislator awake at night—is an argument in favor of the

Senator J. William Fulbright’s warning that “The
average legislator early in his career discovers that there are certain
interests or prejudices of his constituents which are dangerous to trifle with”
is an argument in favor of the

The most important responsibility of a member of
Congress is to

The assumption that a legislator will represent or favor only his or her own ethnic group or gender (as opposed to the entirempopulation) is generally referred to as

Before
adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, U.S. senators were generally

U.S. senators have been directly
elected by the people since the ratification of the

Which of the following statements most
accurately describes the selection of senators?.

Which
of the following is NOT a power granted to Congress by Article I, Section 8 of
the Constitution?

Cracking
refers to the

Packing refers to the

When
the boundaries of an electoral district are drawn to secure a partisan
advantage by spreading out opposition voters across a wide number of electoral
districts,______ is said to
have occurred.

When
the boundaries of an electoral district are drawn to secure a partisan
advantage by lumping as many opposition voters as possible into one district, D) packing is said to have occurred.

The
U.S. Supreme Court established the “one person, one vote” principle in its decision
in the 1961 case of

In
its decision in Baker v. Carr, the U.S. Supreme Court formally established the
principle of B) one person, one vote.

The
process of reallocating the number of seats assigned to each state in the U.S.
House of Representatives based on changes in the population of the states is
known as

The
requirement that all bills be referred to a committee before being considered
by the body of the whole was established by

markup.

Rules Committee.

oversight.

Speaker of the House.

Most important congressional work gets done

The U.S. Senate president pro tempore

The
vice president votes in the Senate when

A
senator who wants to stop debate and vote on a bill can attempt to

Earmarks.

In
the context of the congressional legislative process, logrolling refers to the

The first three steps of a bill are

Bills may be introduced to Congress by

Should the president fail to act on a bill for 10 days (excluding Sundays), the bill becomes law unless Congress adjourns during that period.

The term cracking refers to opposition voters being lumped together in one area of a legislative district

Gerrymandering
refers to draw legislative boundaries in a way that secures political
advantage.

The
structure of Congress and the legislative process is spelled out in great
detail in Article I, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution.

The cloture rule is used to stop a filibuster in
the Senate.

When
the United States’ legal system is described as a “dual court system,” it means
that

writ of certiorari

Decisions
of the U.S. Supreme Court become final when the

case
precedent

Cruel
and unusual punishment is prohibited by the

As
a component of legal strategy, the choice of jurisdiction is important because

In the United States, the phrase “dual court
system” is used to refer to the existence of two types of courts: trial and
appellate courts.

When the U.S. Supreme Court agrees to hear an
appeal, it issues a writ of certiorari to order the lower court to send the
case forward.

Sitting U.S. Supreme Court justices may be
removed from the Court through the congressional impeachment process.

In
an adversarial legal system

settlements.

Legal
actions filed by individuals seeking remedies from private parties for contract
violations, personal injury, and related issues are generally referred to as

The U.S. Supreme Court has _____ jurisdiction
over cases decided in lower courts

In
the United States, intermediate appellate courts are primarily responsible for

asks that a higher court call up a case from a lower court.

Appellate
courts differ from trial courts in that
A) cases are generally heard by a panel
of judges rather than a jury.
B) cases generally revolve around
alleged errors in the investigation or trial process rather than the finding of
fact.
C) they generally only review cases in
writing rather than hearing the testimony of witnesses.
D) their decisions are reflected in the
written majority opinion rather than a final verdict.

In
order for a specific case to be heard by the U.S. Supreme Court, at least _____ justices must vote to hear that
case.

Alexander
Hamilton described the courts as the

writ of mandamus.

The
central issue under debate in the Marbury v. Madison case was the

A legal order under which a court directs a
government official to take a specific course of action as required by law is
generally known as a

The
process by which Congress may remove a sitting judge, the president, or other
high officials is known as

Franklin Roosevelt’s unsuccessful proposal in
1937 to permit the appointment of new justices to the U.S. Supreme Court is an
example of

senatorial courtesy.

The
U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Roper v. Simmons cited this amendment as
prohibiting execution of murderers who committed their crimes before 18 years
of age.

Judges
need to interpret constitutions and statutes because

Advocates
of ______ would be judges who follow what they see as the original intent of
the Constitution, without applying today’s societal values to a decision

The
attitudinal model of judicial decision making argues that

The
legal model of judicial decision making argues that

As a model of judicial decision making, new
institutionalism argues that

The
_____ model of judicial decision making emphasizes understanding courts as
institutions and seeing the role of courts within the larger political context.

The
court pathway is often attractive to small interest groups because

Which
of the following is NOT generally a consideration when interest groups develop
their strategy for cases?

In
an adversarial system, judges play a central role in the discovery of truth by
directly questioning witnesses.

All nine justices on the U.S. Supreme Court must
agree to hear a case before the case is transferred to the U.S. Supreme Court.

The
decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) reinforced the notion of judicial review.

The Judiciary Act of 1789 designed the federal
court system and established its procedures

In the 1930s, President Woodrow Wilson tried to
disband the U.S. Supreme Court is his famous “court-packing” plan

The attitudinal model of understanding judicial decisions emphasizes the role of precedent.

As
the framers anticipated, the courts have little influence over the development
of public policy in the United States.

Proposition 140

Reapportionment is the

While it has many functions, the main
responsibility of the state legislature is

Which
of the following would be an example of a juice bill?

Casework
is usually handled by

There is plenty of evidence to support the idea
that legislators are more likely to focus their efforts on representing those
groups that

The
assembly speaker has all of the following powers EXCEPT for

The speaker pro tempore

Which
of the following does NOT usually influence appointments of assembly members
and state senators to standing committees?

Which
of the following arguably plays a very important role in initially determining
which individuals will run for office and stand a good chance of winning?

In
recent years, reapportionment and redistricting have come to be seen as a way
of

Currently,
there is a _________ limit in the California assembly.

According
to the textbook, the real contest for California’s legislative seats takes
place when?

In
2008, California voters approved the Voters FIRST initiative, which

Joint rules:

Who
can introduce bills for consideration?

Oversight
involves the legislature’s duty to

fiscal committees.

After
the governor nominates an appellate or supreme court justice, the nominee must
be confirmed by the

Which
of the following types of offenses are NOT covered as part of California’s
criminal law?

Who
is the principal public prosecuting officer at the county level?

Which
of the following is NOT a requirement of jury duty?

Grand
juries have been criticized for all of the following EXCEPT

After
being appointed, appellate and supreme court justices must be approved by a
majority of voters for a term of twelve years.

Plea bargains are generally the result of

Which
of the following is NOT true of small claims courts?

Appeals in death penalty cases in California

California
courts of appeals have original jurisdiction over all of the following types of
cases EXCEPT

Misdemeanors
are crimes that mandate punishment by

According
to the textbook, the California prison system suffers from ALL BUT WHICH of the
following?
A) Overcrowding
B) Extreme violence
C) Corruption
D) Substandard services

District
attorneys are responsible for all of the following EXCEPT

In a civil trial, guilt must be proved...by?

Which of the following is NOT true? C) For the foreseeable future, the debate
about same-sex marriages in California has likely ended.

4. Which of the
following is NOT part of a defendant’s Miranda rights?

1. The Bill of
Rights was enacted in response to fears that

The form of speech typically viewed by the courts as least
deserving of protection under the First Amendment is

The clear and present danger test is used to test the balance
between national security and individual free speech.

In crimes involving sentences of less than six
months, criminal defendants may be forced to accept bench trials.

10. Discrimination
in the United States

Civil rights issues concern the freedoms and due process accorded to individuals.

The Supreme Court has rejected all efforts to consider race as a factor in the college admission process.

9. Even today, some forms of discrimination are legal in the United States.

During the impeachment trial of President Clinton, Senator Paul
Wellstone argued that “In the case of presidential impeachment, it’s especially
important to consult public opinion, because one’s being asked, in effect, to
overturn a popular election.” Wellstone’s claim is an argument in favor of the... representation?

The founders expected the _____ to be the heart of the new
government.

Senator X of Alaska supports Senator A’s initiative to have a
tunnel built in New Jersey. Senator X expects that this support will end up
with Senator A’s repayment in kind one day. This is an example of

The legislative committee system used in the U.S. Congress today
was initially established in

In general, congressional committees

In 2005, Republicans proposed a “nuclear option” to deal with
Democratic efforts to

1.Thomas Paine’s argument that “act in the same manner as the
whole body would act, were they present” is an argument in favor of the trustee
model of representation.

2. A great deal of the work of legislators is comprised of
casework, which includes answering the letters and phone calls of constituents requesting
assistance.

7. When a bill is designated as “open” by the House Rules
Committee, it means that amendments can be added to that bill during floor
consideration.

9. Earmarks are
sometimes referred to as pork-barrel legislation.

The “Bridge to Nowhere” in Alaska became a
symbol of the problems of earmarks in congressional legislation in 2006.

The
requirement that police officers inform arrested suspects of their Miranda
rights was imposed by

The power of judicial review is
specifically articulated in

Which
topic is NOT a part of Article III of the Constitution?

Sitting
federal judges can be removed from office

Which
of the following is an example of a judge making law?

The
United States Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in a very limited number
of cases.

Appellate courts are interested in finding legal
or procedural errors rather than truth or fact.

Case
precedent is important because it provides predictability and stability in the
legal system.

California
senators can run for reelection how many times?

Which of the following is an example of
casework?

The
legislative process in California is

Rapid
change in the California legal system is often the result of

Which case IS NOT mentioned in the text as
adding to California’s reputation for crime and putting additional pressure on
the state’s criminal justice system? (620)