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Coccus
Bacterial morphology: shaped like spheres; can be single cells, pairs (diplococcus), chains (streptococci), or clusters of four (tetrads) or three dimensional cubes (sarcinae)
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Bacillus
Bacterial morphology: rod- shaped like cylinders
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Spirillum
Bacterial morphology: shaped like spiraling (or bent) cylinders
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Gram stain
- A technique that is used to differentiate between the gram positive and gram negative bacteria
- Applying three stains (crystal violet, iodine, and safranin) with alcohol
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Gram-positive bacteria
Appear purple
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Gram-negative bacteria
Appear pink or red
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Colony configuration
The overall appearance of the colonies. Ex. round, irregular, filamentous, rhizoid
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Colony margin
The edge of the colony. Ex. smooth, wavy (undulate), lobate, ciliate, branching
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Colony elevation
The vertical element of the colony's appearance. Ex. flat, raised, convex, umbonate, hilly, crateriform
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Colony opacity
The translucence of the colony. Ex. opaque, translucent, transparent
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Bacterial field marks
Accesible signs by sight (naked eye), smell, or hear that alert us of the presence of bacteria
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Hyperthermophiles
Bacteria/archaea that can grow in high temperatures (above 80oC)
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Halophiles
Bacteria/archaea that thrive in environments with very high concentrations of salt
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Bacteriorhodopsin
A distinctive pink-red carotenoid pigment that helps carry out light-mediated ATP synthesis
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Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Can help plants cope with low nitrogen levels in the soil in exchange for sugars and protection
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Bacteria vs. Archaea
- Bacteria's cell walls contain peptidoglycan Archaea's cell walls contain pseudopeptidolglycan
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Euryarcheota
- Halophiles, methanogens, thermophilic and acidophilic species
- Can be all shapes, some lack cell wall, some have glycoprotein cell wall
- Rod shaped can be chains and spherical can be in ball like aggregations
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Methanogens
- All produce CH4 as a by-product
- Use a variety of organic compounds as electron acceptors
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Crenarcheota
- Inhabit boiling/freezing water, but not all are extremophiles
- NH4-oxidizing abundant in soils for nitrification
- Shapes can be all but spiral
- Once species has cell wall of glycoprotein
- No photosynthesis, rare fermentation
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Proteobacteria
- Largest and most metabolically diverse
- All are gram-negativeWide range of cell shapes (straight and curved bacilli, cocci, and spirillaSome form fruiting bodies
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Actinobacteria
- Gram-positive bacteria
- Aerobic, inhabit soil and plant materials
- Rod-shaped, branching filamentous
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Cyanobacteria
- Oxygenic phototrophs, some can fix nitrogen
- 5 morphological groups
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Spirochetes
- Tightly coiled corkscrew shape
- Motile, have unusual flagella
- Many are parasites, some are symbionts in guts of termites and ruminants
- Fermentation for ATP
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Firmicutes
- Gram-positive bacteria
- Bacilli
or cocci- Homofermentative
producing lactic acid and heterofermentative producing other products and lactate
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Chlamydiales
- Parasitic
- Cocci, among smallest bacteria
- Obligate intracellular parasites
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Homofermentative
Producing lactic acid as a sole fermentation product
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Heterofermentative
Produce other products such as ethanol, CO2, and lactate
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Obligate intracellular parasites
They obtain ATP in addition to biosynthetic intermediates from their hosts
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Green sulfur bacteria
- Anoxygenic photoheterotrophs
- Only short to long bacilliUtilize H2S as electron donor
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Green nonsulfur bacteria
- Anoxygenic phototroph
- Filamentous that form microbial mats
- One lacks peptidoglycan in cell wall
- Photoautotrophy, photoheterotrophs, chemoorganoheterotrophs
- Autotrophy based on hydroxypropionate pathway
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Phagocytosis
- Using endocytosis to envelop food particles with a portion of their cell membranes
- Used by chemoorganotrophic protists
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Sessile
Attached to a substrate; can't move
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How protists move
- 1) Pseudopodia-extensions of cytoplasm that reach out from the cell
- 2) Flagella- long, whip-like structures
- 3) Cilia- short, hair-like structures
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Cellular arrangements of Protists
- Unicellular- a single cell
- Filamentous- long strands of single cells that are all connected
- Aggregates- groups of cells that are joined together with haphazard arrangements
- Colonial- groups of cells that are joined together into predictable arrangements
- Multicellular- composed of multiple cell types that have physiological differentiation
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Protists supergroup Alveolata
- Ciliophora (ciliates)
- Dinozoa
(dinoflagellates)
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Protists supergroup Stramenopiles
- Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
- Phaeophyceae (brown algae)
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Protists supergroup Rhizaria
- Foraminifera (forams)
- Radiolaria (radiolarians)
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Protist supergroup Archaeplastida
- Rhodophyceae (red algae)
- Chloroplastida -Chlorophyta (green algae)
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Protist supergroup Excavata
- Fornicata -Diplomonadida
- Euglenozoa
- -Euglenida
- -Kinetoplastea
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Protists supergroup Amoebozoa
- Eumycetozoa (slime molds)
- Tubulinea
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Protist supergroup Opisthokonta
Choanomonada (choanoflagellates)
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Ciliophora (ciliates) cilia
Used to move
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Ciliophora (ciliates) oral groove
A fold in the membrane of the cell that is used to channel food
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Ciliophora (ciliates) vacuole
- Food vacuoles- should be many in the cell, often partially clear
- Contractile vacuoles- typically 2, one each end; should be large and clear
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Ciliophora (ciliates) macronucleus
Used for creation of mRNA, large opaque structure
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Ciliophora (ciliates) micronucleus
Used for reproduction, small opaque structure
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Dinozoa (dinoflagellates) cellulose plates
Modified alveoli that form a rigid skeletal structure
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Dinozoa (dinoflagellates) Equatorial groove (girdle)
Divides the plates, along with other grooves
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Bacillariophyta (diatoms) silica
Forms external skeleton
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Diatomaceous earth
Formed by groupings of shells from dead diatoms
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Phaeophyceae (brown algae) fucoxanthin
A brown accessory pigment found in their chloroplasts
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Phaeophyceae (brown algae) holdfast
Root-like structure that fastens the alga to substrates
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Phaeophyceae (brown algae) stipe
Stalk-like structure of brown algae
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Phaeophyceae (brown algae) blade
Leaf-like structures
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Foraminifera (Forams) test
A shell-like hardened structure outside the cell, made of calcium carbonate
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Radiolaria (Radiolarians) axopodia
Very thin pseudopods supported by microtubules that emerge from pores in their skeletons
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Radiolaria (Radiolarians) silica
- Make up skeletons
- Is deposited within the outer layer of their cells
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Glaucophyta cyanelle
An organelle that contains the gene for chlorophyll a on a plasmid and has a layer of peptidoglycan between the double membrane surrounding the organelle
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Rhodophyceae (red algae) phycocyanin and phycoerythrin
The pigments that give them their red color
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Rhodophyceae (red algae) cell walls
Certain species deposit calcium or magnesium carbonate in their cell walls
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Chlorophyta (green algae)
- Unicellular- Chlamydomonas
- Filamentous
- Spirogyra- Colonial
- Eudorina, Pleodorina- Multicellular-
Volvox
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Trypanosoma lewisi
Rat blood parasite, trasmitted by fleas (by consumption of fleas or flea feces)
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Trypanosoma lewisi undulating membrane
Clear membrane visible on the side of the cell
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Trypanosoma lewisi nucleus
The largest stained structure inside the cell
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Trypanosoma lewisi Kinetoplast
Mass of DNA in the single large mitochondria; visible as a small stained structure in the cell
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Trypanosoma cruzi
Potentially fatal human parasite that lives in blood
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Trypanosoma cruzi transmitted by
- Hemipterans (true bugs)
- Also by blood transfusion and from mother to fetus
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Amoeba proteus ectoplasm
Outer region of the cell's cytoplasm, directly adjacent to the membrane; often clear
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Amoeba proteus endoplasm
Contains nucleus, contractile vacuoles, food vacuoles
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Amoeba proteus nucleus
Typically opaque; there should only be one in each cell
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Amoeba proteus food vacuoles
Often dark, typically many in each cell
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Amoeba proteus pseudopodia
Extensions of the cell used for locomotion
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Acellular Eumycetozoa (Slime molds)
Vegetative stage is a plasmodium (variably sized mass of protoplasm)
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Cellular Eumycetozoa (Slime molds)
Vegetative cells aggregate as a mass of cells and migrate together
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Choanomonada
Single celled or colonial filter feeding organotrophs that are morphologically very similar to the choanocytes of sponges
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All animals are ___yotic, ____cellular, ____trophic _____trophs.
eukaryotic, multicellular, chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs
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Germ layers
The basic types that animal cells diverge into as the embyos develop, and further differentiate into specific tissues and organs
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Triploblasts
Containing three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
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Diploblasts
Contain two germ layers
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Tissues
A group of cells that are of similar type that function together as a single unit
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Organs
Composed of multiple tissue types linked together into a single physiological unit that performs a defined function
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Sexual reproduction
Offspring are produced by the combination of tow gametes (sperm and eggs) from genetically different parents combining and fusing their nuclei
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Biparental sexual reproduction
Separate sexes each produce either male or female gamete
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Hermaphroditic
An individual can produce both male and female gametes
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Sequential hermaphrodites
Life is started producing one type of gamete and then can switch to producing the other type (but can't produce both at once)
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Simultaneous hermaphrodites
Producing both male and female gametes at the same time
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Asexual reproduction
Producing offspring without the combination of two parents' gametes' genetic material
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Gemmulation
- Producing a small clump of cells, a gemmule, that has a protective coating
- Asexual reproduction
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Budding
- An unequal division of an organism through mitotic divisions, wherein a small outgrowth eventually matures into an adult
- Asexual reproduction
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Fragmentation
- A large animal is divided or is broken into smaller pieces, each of which replaces the lost portions of itself
- Asexual reproduction
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Parthenogenesis
The animals produce fertile offspring via the development of unfertilized eggs; animals tha reproduce solely via parthenogenesis are considered
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Hydrostatic skeleton
Provides support through the action of muscles compressing the fluid in their body cavities
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Exoskeletons
Hardened structures outside of the body that can come in a number of types: tests, shells, or hardened integuments
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Endoskeletons
Can be anything from the bones of many vertebrates to the mineral spicules of sponges
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Juvenile/larval stages
- The animal focuses on development and growth to the exclusion of reproduction
- All animals have them
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Radial symmetry
The animal can be divided into equal halves by multiple planes
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Bilateral symmetry
The animal can be divided into equal halves by only one plane
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Filter feeders
Feeding on particulate matter suspended in a fluid; sometimes termed suspension feeding
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Deposit feeders
Consuming particulate matter from the soil or other substrates
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Fluid feeders
Getting nutrition from the body fluids of other organisms
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Food-mass feeders
Consuming large portions of other organisms
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Deuterostomes
Animals that exhibit a specific style of embryonic development that contrasts with protostomes. Their blastopore devolops into an anus, their embryonic cells are generally totipotent, and they show enterocoelous development of their coelom (body cavity)
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Protostomes
Animals that exhibit a specific style of embryonic development that contrasts with deuterostomes. Their blastopore develops into a mouth, their embryonic cells are generally not totipotent, and they show schizocoelous development of ther coelom (body cavity)
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Lophotrochozoa
- Protostomes
- Animals that have a pophophore (a unique feeding structure) or a trochophore larval stage (this group was first identified through rRNA studies)
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Ecdysozoa
- Protostomes
- Animals that possess a molting cuticle (this group was first identified through rRNA studies)
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Atrium
Empty area of water in a sponge
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Epitheliod cells
Line the outer wall of the sponge's body (exopinacoderm)
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Porocytes
Cells that form a pore (ostium) in the sponge's body wall through which water flows
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Choanocytes
Flagellated cells that line the inner wall of the sponges body. The flagella beat to make water flow over a band (collar) of microvilli that capture and absorb nutrients
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Mesohyl
- A gel-like matrix between the epithelial cells and choanocytes that contains cells performing various functions.
- The only enclosed space in a sponge's body
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Spicules
- Hardened structures that the sponges use for support
- Created by the cells in the mesohyl
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