BioLabExam2

Bacterial morphology: shaped like spheres; can be single cells, pairs (diplococcus), chains (streptococci), or clusters of four (tetrads) or three dimensional cubes (sarcinae)

Bacterial morphology: rod- shaped like cylinders

Bacterial morphology: shaped like spiraling (or bent) cylinders

• A technique that is used to differentiate between the gram positive and gram negative bacteria
• Applying three stains (crystal violet, iodine, and safranin) with alcohol

Appear purple

Appear pink or red

The overall appearance of the colonies. Ex. round, irregular, filamentous, rhizoid

The edge of the colony. Ex. smooth, wavy (undulate), lobate, ciliate, branching

The vertical element of the colony's appearance. Ex. flat, raised, convex, umbonate, hilly, crateriform

The translucence of the colony. Ex. opaque, translucent, transparent

Accesible signs by sight (naked eye), smell, or hear that alert us of the presence of bacteria

Bacteria/archaea that can grow in high temperatures (above 80^oC)

Bacteria/archaea that thrive in environments with very high concentrations of salt

A distinctive pink-red carotenoid pigment that helps carry out light-mediated ATP synthesis

Can help plants cope with low nitrogen levels in the soil in exchange for sugars and protection

• Bacteria's cell walls contain peptidoglycan
• Archaea's cell walls contain pseudopeptidolglycan

• Halophiles, methanogens, thermophilic and acidophilic species
• Can be all shapes, some lack cell wall, some have glycoprotein cell wall
• Rod shaped can be chains and spherical can be in ball like aggregations

• All produce CH₄ as a by-product
• Use a variety of organic compounds as electron acceptors

• Inhabit boiling/freezing water, but not all are extremophiles
• NH₄-oxidizing abundant in soils for nitrification
• Shapes can be all but spiral
• Once species has cell wall of glycoprotein
• No photosynthesis, rare fermentation

• Largest and most metabolically diverse
• All are gram-negative
• Wide range of cell shapes (straight and curved bacilli, cocci, and spirilla
• Some form fruiting bodies

• Gram-positive bacteria
• Aerobic, inhabit soil and plant materials
• Rod-shaped, branching filamentous

• Oxygenic phototrophs, some can fix nitrogen
• 5 morphological groups

• Tightly coiled corkscrew shape
• Motile, have unusual flagella
• Many are parasites, some are symbionts in guts of termites and ruminants
• Fermentation for ATP

• Gram-positive bacteria
• Bacilli or cocci
• Homofermentative producing lactic acid and heterofermentative producing other products and lactate

• Parasitic
• Cocci, among smallest bacteria
• Obligate intracellular parasites

Producing lactic acid as a sole fermentation product

Produce other products such as ethanol, CO₂, and lactate

They obtain ATP in addition to biosynthetic intermediates from their hosts

• Anoxygenic photoheterotrophs
• Only short to long bacilli
• Utilize H₂S as electron donor

• Anoxygenic phototroph
• Filamentous that form microbial mats
• One lacks peptidoglycan in cell wall
• Photoautotrophy, photoheterotrophs, chemoorganoheterotrophs
• Autotrophy based on hydroxypropionate pathway

• Using endocytosis to envelop food particles with a portion of their cell membranes
• Used by chemoorganotrophic protists

Attached to a substrate; can't move

• 1) Pseudopodia-extensions of cytoplasm that reach out from the cell
• 2) Flagella- long, whip-like structures
• 3) Cilia- short, hair-like structures

• Unicellular- a single cell
• Filamentous- long strands of single cells that are all connected
• Aggregates- groups of cells that are joined together with haphazard arrangements
• Colonial- groups of cells that are joined together into predictable arrangements
• Multicellular- composed of multiple cell types that have physiological differentiation

• Ciliophora (ciliates)
• Dinozoa (dinoflagellates)

• Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
• Phaeophyceae (brown algae)

• Foraminifera (forams)
• Radiolaria (radiolarians)

• Rhodophyceae (red algae)
• Chloroplastida -Chlorophyta (green algae)

• Fornicata -Diplomonadida
• Euglenozoa
• -Euglenida
• -Kinetoplastea

• Eumycetozoa (slime molds)
• Tubulinea

Choanomonada (choanoflagellates)

Used to move

A fold in the membrane of the cell that is used to channel food

• Food vacuoles- should be many in the cell, often partially clear
• Contractile vacuoles- typically 2, one each end; should be large and clear

Used for creation of mRNA, large opaque structure

Used for reproduction, small opaque structure

Modified alveoli that form a rigid skeletal structure

Divides the plates, along with other grooves

Forms external skeleton

Formed by groupings of shells from dead diatoms

A brown accessory pigment found in their chloroplasts

Root-like structure that fastens the alga to substrates

Stalk-like structure of brown algae

Leaf-like structures

A shell-like hardened structure outside the cell, made of calcium carbonate

Very thin pseudopods supported by microtubules that emerge from pores in their skeletons

• Make up skeletons
• Is deposited within the outer layer of their cells

An organelle that contains the gene for chlorophyll a on a plasmid and has a layer of peptidoglycan between the double membrane surrounding the organelle

The pigments that give them their red color

Certain species deposit calcium or magnesium carbonate in their cell walls

• Unicellular- Chlamydomonas
• Filamentous- Spirogyra
• Colonial- Eudorina, Pleodorina
• Multicellular- Volvox

Rat blood parasite, trasmitted by fleas (by consumption of fleas or flea feces)

Clear membrane visible on the side of the cell

The largest stained structure inside the cell

Mass of DNA in the single large mitochondria; visible as a small stained structure in the cell

Potentially fatal human parasite that lives in blood

• Hemipterans (true bugs)
• Also by blood transfusion and from mother to fetus

Outer region of the cell's cytoplasm, directly adjacent to the membrane; often clear

Contains nucleus, contractile vacuoles, food vacuoles

Typically opaque; there should only be one in each cell

Often dark, typically many in each cell

Extensions of the cell used for locomotion

Vegetative stage is a plasmodium (variably sized mass of protoplasm)

Vegetative cells aggregate as a mass of cells and migrate together

Single celled or colonial filter feeding organotrophs that are morphologically very similar to the choanocytes of sponges

eukaryotic, multicellular, chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs

The basic types that animal cells diverge into as the embyos develop, and further differentiate into specific tissues and organs

Containing three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

Contain two germ layers

A group of cells that are of similar type that function together as a single unit

Composed of multiple tissue types linked together into a single physiological unit that performs a defined function

Offspring are produced by the combination of tow gametes (sperm and eggs) from genetically different parents combining and fusing their nuclei

Separate sexes each produce either male or female gamete

An individual can produce both male and female gametes

Life is started producing one type of gamete and then can switch to producing the other type (but can't produce both at once)

Producing both male and female gametes at the same time

Producing offspring without the combination of two parents' gametes' genetic material

• Producing a small clump of cells, a gemmule, that has a protective coating
• Asexual reproduction

• An unequal division of an organism through mitotic divisions, wherein a small outgrowth eventually matures into an adult
• Asexual reproduction

• A large animal is divided or is broken into smaller pieces, each of which replaces the lost portions of itself
• Asexual reproduction

The animals produce fertile offspring via the development of unfertilized eggs; animals tha reproduce solely via parthenogenesis are considered

Provides support through the action of muscles compressing the fluid in their body cavities

Hardened structures outside of the body that can come in a number of types: tests, shells, or hardened integuments

Can be anything from the bones of many vertebrates to the mineral spicules of sponges

• The animal focuses on development and growth to the exclusion of reproduction
• All animals have them

The animal can be divided into equal halves by multiple planes

The animal can be divided into equal halves by only one plane

Feeding on particulate matter suspended in a fluid; sometimes termed suspension feeding

Consuming particulate matter from the soil or other substrates

Getting nutrition from the body fluids of other organisms

Consuming large portions of other organisms

All animals

Animals that exhibit a specific style of embryonic development that contrasts with protostomes. Their blastopore devolops into an anus, their embryonic cells are generally totipotent, and they show enterocoelous development of their coelom (body cavity)

Animals that exhibit a specific style of embryonic development that contrasts with deuterostomes. Their blastopore develops into a mouth, their embryonic cells are generally not totipotent, and they show schizocoelous development of ther coelom (body cavity)

• Protostomes
• Animals that have a pophophore (a unique feeding structure) or a trochophore larval stage (this group was first identified through rRNA studies)

• Protostomes
• Animals that possess a molting cuticle (this group was first identified through rRNA studies)

Empty area of water in a sponge

Line the outer wall of the sponge's body (exopinacoderm)

Cells that form a pore (ostium) in the sponge's body wall through which water flows

Flagellated cells that line the inner wall of the sponges body. The flagella beat to make water flow over a band (collar) of microvilli that capture and absorb nutrients

• A gel-like matrix between the epithelial cells and choanocytes that contains cells performing various functions.
• The only enclosed space in a sponge's body

• Hardened structures that the sponges use for support
• Created by the cells in the mesohyl