Social Psychology terms Exam 2(book)

the evolutionary process by which inherited traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations

the study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

standards for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior

the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. its size depends on our familiarity with whoever is near us

in psychology, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which ppl define male and female

the vicarious experience of another's feelings, putting oneself in another's shoes

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

mixing both masculine and feminine characteristics

a set of behavior expectations(norms) for males and females

a relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor ( such as environment)

a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure

conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing

acting in accord with a direct order or command

conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure

self motion, the apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark ex. sherif's spot of light experiment

a "we feeling" the extent of which members of a group are bound together such as by attraction for one another

conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance

conformity occuring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people

a motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom

the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors

occurs when interested ppl focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

occurs when ppl are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

believability, a credible communicator is perceived as both expert and trustworthy

a delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message become effective, as we remember the message but forget the reaction for discounting it

having qualities that appeal to an audience

other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence

information presented last sometimes has the most influence

the way the message is delivered- whether face-to-face, in writing, on film, or in some other way

the process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others

the motivation to think and analyze

a group typically characterized by 1. distinctive ritual and beliefs related to its devotion to a god or a person, 2. isolation form the surrounding "evil" culture, 3. a charismatic leader

exposing ppl to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available

two or more ppl who for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us"

co-participants individually on a noncompetitive activity

1. original meaning: the tendency of ppl to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present 2. current meaning: the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others

concern for how others are evaluating us

the tendency for ppl to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable

ppl who benefit from the group but give little in return

loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension, occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad

group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies, a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group

evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others

a false impression of what most other ppl are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding

"the mode of thinking that ppl engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action"

a tendency for ppl with minority views to express them less quickly than ppl in majority

the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group

leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals

leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support