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Natural selection
the evolutionary process by which inherited traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations
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evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection
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culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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norms
standards for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior
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personal space
the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. its size depends on our familiarity with whoever is near us
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gender
in psychology, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which ppl define male and female
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empathy
the vicarious experience of another's feelings, putting oneself in another's shoes
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aggression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
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androgynous
mixing both masculine and feminine characteristics
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gender role
a set of behavior expectations(norms) for males and females
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interaction
a relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor ( such as environment)
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conformity
a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure
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compliance
conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing
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obedience
acting in accord with a direct order or command
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acceptance
conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure
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autokinetic phenomenon
self motion, the apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark ex. sherif's spot of light experiment
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cohesiveness
a "we feeling" the extent of which members of a group are bound together such as by attraction for one another
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normative influence
conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance
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informational influence
conformity occuring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people
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reactance
a motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom
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persuasion
the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors
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central route
occurs when interested ppl focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
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peripheral route
occurs when ppl are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
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credibility
believability, a credible communicator is perceived as both expert and trustworthy
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sleeper effect
a delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message become effective, as we remember the message but forget the reaction for discounting it
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attractiveness
having qualities that appeal to an audience
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primacy effect
other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence
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recency effect
information presented last sometimes has the most influence
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channel of communication
the way the message is delivered- whether face-to-face, in writing, on film, or in some other way
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two-step flow of communication
the process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others
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need for cognition
the motivation to think and analyze
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cult (also called new religious movement)
a group typically characterized by 1. distinctive ritual and beliefs related to its devotion to a god or a person, 2. isolation form the surrounding "evil" culture, 3. a charismatic leader
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attitude inoculation
exposing ppl to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available
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group
two or more ppl who for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us"
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co-actors
co-participants individually on a noncompetitive activity
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social facilitation
1. original meaning: the tendency of ppl to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present 2. current meaning: the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others
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evaluation apprehension
concern for how others are evaluating us
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social loafing
the tendency for ppl to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable
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free riders
ppl who benefit from the group but give little in return
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deindividuation
loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension, occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad
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group polarization
group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies, a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group
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social comparsion
evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others
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pleuristic ignorance
a false impression of what most other ppl are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding
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groupthink
"the mode of thinking that ppl engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action"
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minority slowness effect
a tendency for ppl with minority views to express them less quickly than ppl in majority
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leadership
the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group
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task leadership
leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals
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social leadership
leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
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