Mkt. test 4

making goods and serves available in the right quantities and locations

any series of firms or individuals who participare in the flow of products from producer to final user or consumer

• direct communication between a seller and an individual customer using a promotion method other than face-to-face personal selling.
• coupled with direct distribution

the difference between the quantity of products it is economical for a producer to make and the quantity final users or consumers normally want.

the difference between the lines a typical producer makes and the assorment final consumers or users want.

adjust the quantities or assorments of products handled at each level in channel of distribution.

collecting products from many small producers.

dividing larger quantities into smaller quantities as products get closer to the final market.

separating products into grades nd qualities desired by different target markets.

putting together a variety of products to give a target market what it wants.

the various channel members make little or no effort to cooperate with each other. they buy and sell from each other and that's it.

a manager who helps direct the activities of a whole channel and tries to avoid or solve channel conflicts.

channel systems in which the whole channel focuses on the same target market at the end of the channel.

corporate ownership along the channel.

acquiring firms at different levels of channel activity.

the channel membersinformally agree to cooperate with each other.

the channel memebers agree by contract to cooperate with each other.

makes a product available widely enough to satisfy target customers' needs but not exceed them. too much exposure only increases the toal cost of marketing.

selling a product through all responsible and suitable wholesalers or retailers who will stock or sell the product.

selling through only those intermediaries who will give the product special attention.

selling through only one intermediary in a particular geographic area.

when a producer uses several competing channels to reach the same target market.

channels used to retrieve products that customers no longer want.

selling some of what the firm produces in foreign markets.

selling the right to use some process, trademark, patent or other right for a fee or royalty.

the seller provides only management and marketing skills-others own the production and distribution facilities.

domestic firm enters into a partnership with a foreign firm.

a parent firm has a division (or owns a separate subsidary firm) in a foreign market.

the transporting, storing and handling of goods in ways that match target customer's needs with a firm's marketing mix- both within a individual firms and along a channel of distribution.

another common name for logistics

how rapidly and dependably a firm can deliver what the customers want.

says that all transporting, storing and product-handling activities of a business and a whole channel system should be coordinated as one system that seeks to minimize the cost of distribution for a given customer service level.

involves evaluating each possible PD system and identifying all of the costs of each alternative.

the complete set of firms and facilities and logistics activities that are involved in procuring materials, transforming them into intermediate or finished products, and distributing them to the customers.

an approach that puts information in a standardized format easily shared between different computer systems

• the marketing function of moving goods.
• railroads-low cost
• trucks-more expensive but flexible and essential
• ship-overseas but slowly

grouping individual items into an economical shipping quantity and sealing them in protective containers for transit to the final destination.

the marketing function of holding goods so they're available when they're needed.

the amount of foods being stored.

storing facilities owned or leased by companies for their own use.

independent storing facilities.

special kind of warehouse designed to speed the flow of goods and avoid unnecessary storing cost.

covers all of the activities involved in the sale of products to final consumers.

• carried anything they could sell in reasonable volume.
• old

stores that specialize in certain lines of related products rather than a wide assortment.

a type of conventional limited-line store, usually small and has a distinct 'personality'

larger stores that are organized into many separate departments and offer many product lines.

says retailers should offer low prices to get faster turnover and greater sales volumes by appealing to larger markets

large stores specializing in groceries with self-service and wide assortments.

offer hard goods (cameras, tv's, appliances) at substantial price cuts to customers who would go to the discounter's low-rent store, pay cash and take care of any service or repair problems themselves.

large, self-service stores with many departments that emphasize on soft goods (housewares, clothing and fabrics) and staples but still follow the discount house's emphasis on lower margins to get faster turnover.

very large stores that try to carry not only good and drug items but all goods and services that the consumer purchase routinely.

convenience-oriented variation of the conventional limited-line food stores.

selling and delivering products through vending machines.

a salesperson going directly to the consumer's home to sell a product.

allow consumers o shop at home. placing orders by mail or telephone calls.

says that new types of retailers enter the market at low-status, low-margin, low-price operation and then, if successful, evolve in more conventional retailers offering more services with higher operating costs and higher prices.

carrying any product lines they think they can sell profitably.

a firm that owns and manages more than one store and often it's many.

retailer-sponsored groups formed by independent retailers that run their own buying organizations and conduct joint promotion efforts.

wholesaler-sponsored groups that work with indepenedent retailers

the franchisor develops a good marketing strategy and the retail franchise holders carry out the strategy in their own units.

concerned with the activities of those persons or establishments that sell to retailers and other merchants or to industries, institutional and commercial users but that do not sell in large amounts to final consuemers.

firms whose main function is providing wholesaling activities.

warehouses that producers set up at separate locations away from their factories.

own the products they sell. they take title to these products.

merchant wholesalers that provide all the wholesaling functins

service wholesalers that carry a wide variety of nonperishable items such as hardware, electrical supplies, furniture, drugs, cosmetics and automobile equipment.

service wholesalers that carry a narrower line of merchandise than general merchandise wholesalers.

service wholesalers that carry a very narrow range of products and offer more information and service than other service wholesalers.

provide only some wholesaling functions

operate like service wholesalers except that the customer must pay cash.

own the products they sell but they do not actually handle stock or deliver them.

specialize in delivering products that they stock in their own trucks.

specialize in hard-to-handle assortments of products that a retailer doesn't want to manage. display products on their own wide racks.

sell out of catalogs that may be distributed widely to smaller industrial customers or retailers that might not be called on by other wholesalers.

wholesalers who do not own the products they sell.

sell similar products for several noncompeting producers- usually for a commission of what is sold.

specially in international trade.

bring nuyers and sellers together.

work like brokers but bring buyers and sellers together in different countries.

take over the whole marketing job of producers, not just the selling fuction.

blend of manufacturer's agent and selling agent.

provide a place where buyers and sellers can come together and bid to complete a transaction.