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Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)
a set of nutritional reference values for the US and Canada that apply to healthy people
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5 values used for DRI
- estimated avg requirement (EAR)
- recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
- adequate intake (AI)
- tolerable upper intake level (UL)
- estimated energy requirement (EER)
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Healthy People 2010
an agenda that emphasizes health promotion and disease prevention across the US by identifying goals and objectives that we hope to reach as a nation by 2010
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Dietary Guidelines for Americans
a set of principles developed by US Dept of Ariculture and the US Dept of Health and Human SErvices to assist Americans in designing a healthful diet and lifestyle
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The nutitional labeling an education act passed in _____
1990
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nutrition facts panel
the label on a food package that contains the nutrition info required by the us food and drug administration
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another name for simple carbohydrates
monosaccharides
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glucose
blood, body cells
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fructose
honey, syrups, fruits
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galactose
from lactose, "milk sugar"
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another name for compound carbs
disaccharides
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sucrose
sugar beets, sugar cane, fruits, vegetables, honey
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lactose
milk, milk products
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another name for complex carbs
polysaccharides
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glycogen
stored carbohydrate in animals
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for carbs: increase intake of nutrient-dense foods such as ______, vegetables, _______ _______, and low-fat dairy products
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carbs: ___ to ___ % of total calories
45 to 65
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carbs: at least ____ grams per day based on the avg min amount of glucose used by the brain
130
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long term intake of carbs below 45% of calories can increase the risk of:
- heart disease
- type 2 diabetes
- lack of ability to facilitate loss of weight
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primary functions of carbs
provide energy to cells in the body, part. the brain, central nervous system, red blood cells, placenta and fetus and for muscle cells during anaerobic activity
"spares" protein by providing a source of energy so that protein can be used for growth, maintenance, and repair
provide fiber
adds variety to diet
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Childhood obesity: early risk factors
- adult morbidity and mortality
- type 2 diabetes
- coronary heart disease
- osteoporosis
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____ and ______ __________ taught at an early age may impact future obesity rates in children
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estimated that by 2010, ____ % of children and youth in the US will be obese if the trend is not reversed
20
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children ages 2-11 are exposed to an avg of _____ ads per year that are food or activity related
5600
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children have an exposure to an avg of ______ paid ads per year
20,000
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3 top food-related ad categories
- 28% restaurants and fast foods
- 24% desserts, sweets and snacks
- 17% cereal
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Growth is defined as:
an increase in physical size of the entire body OR an increase of any body part
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growth may occur by:
- an increase in the number of cells
- an increase in the size of individual cells
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nutrients most needed for growth periods are:
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failure to meet nutrient needs for growth may result in:
- a small-for-age child
- decreased resistance to disease
- poor utilization of food eaten
- delays in expected physical and mental behavior
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4 nutrient classes involved in regulating body functions
- vitamins
- minerals
- proteins
- water
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fat soluble vitamins
- vitamin a
- vitamin d
- vitamin e
- vitamin k
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water soluble vitamins
- vitamin c
- thiamin
- riboflavin
- niacin
- pantothenic acid
- vitamin b6
- folacin
- vitamin b12
- biotin
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the primary vitamins involved in regulation of metabolism for the release of energy are:
- thiamin
- niacin
- riboflavin
- pantothenic acid
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vitamins that regulate body growth
- vitamin a
- vitamin c
- vitamin d
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the process of making a compound by the union of simpler compounds or elements
synthesis
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deoxyribonucleic acid; the substance in the cell nucleus that odes for genetically transmitted traits
DNA
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ribonucleic acid; the nucleic acid that serves as messenger between the nucleus and the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized
RNA
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accelerates a chemical reaction
catalyzes
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vitamins that regulate neuromuscular function
- vitamins b6
- vitamin c
- thiamin
- niacin
- vitamin b12
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vitamins that regulate blood formation
- vitamin e
- pantothenic acid
- vitamin b6
- folacin
- vitamin b12
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minerals in energy metabolism
- phosphorus
- magnesium
- iodine
- iron
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minerals in cellular reproduction and growth
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is necessary for both the storage and the release of the energy trapped in ATP
magnesium
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functions as part of one of the key enzyme systems in the final stages of energy metabolism
iron
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minerals that regulate neuromuscular function
- sodium
- potassium
- calcium
- magnesium
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minerals in blood formation
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porteins are the only class of nutrients that can perform all three general functions of nutrients:
- build and repair body tissue
- regulate body functions
- provide energy
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defined as protein catalysts.
enzymes
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special chemical substances produced by endocrine glads that influence and regulate certain body functions
hormones
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water's regulations (6)
- initial step of processing food for use by the body
- food comp is changed during chem digestion through the breaking down of nutrient molecules
- medium in which chem reactions take place
- main transporting agent of the body
- major comp of body secretions
- major role in ridding the body of waste material
- regulates body temp during changes in environ temp and activity related heat production
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the regulatory functions crucial to the normal growth and development of young children are:
- energy metabolism
- cellular reproduction and growth
- bone growth
- neuromuscular development and function
- blood composition control
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vitamins needed for the production of red blood cells and hemoglobin are:
- vitamin 3
- pantothenic acid
- vitamin b6
- folacin
- vitamin b12
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3 minerals required for cellular reproduction and growth are
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structural part of hemoglobin, important component of blood
iron
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aids iron with absorption and in its being incorp. into hemoglobin
copper
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necessary for production of substances to induce blood coagulation
calcium
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transports oxygen
hemoglobin
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prolonged inadequate or excessive intake of nutrients and/or calories required by the body
malnutrition
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an inadequate intake of one or more required or essential nutrients
undernutrition
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nutrient that must be provided in food because it cannot be synthesized by the body at a rate sufficient to meet the body's needs
essential nutrient
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study of food and hot it is used by the body
nutrition
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the components or substances that are found in food
nutrients
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mineral nutrient; a major component of bones and teeth
calcium
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class of nutrients used primarily for structural and regulatory functions
protein
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measure of the nutritional values of food; used in nutrition labeling
Percent DAily Values
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statements of reduced calories, fat, or salt on the food labels
nutrition claims
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proteins that catalyze body functions
enzymes
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a vitamin-containing substance required by certain enzymes before they can perform their prescribed function
coenzymes
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a metric unit of weight; approx 1/28 of an ounce
gram
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a metric unit of weight; appro 1/1000 of a gram
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minimum amount of energy needed to carry on the body processes vital to life
basal metabolic rate
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energy required to digest, absorb, transport, and metabolize nutrients in food
thermic energy of food
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the process by which complex nutrients in foods are changed into smaller units that can be absorbed and used by the body
digestion
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the process by which the products of digestion are transferred from the intestinal tract into the blood or lymph or by which substances are taken up by the cells
absorption
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all chemical changes that occur from the time nutrients are absorbed until they are built into body tissue or are excreted
metabolism
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a polysaturated fatty acid, which is essential for humans
linoleic acid
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one of the two polyunsaturated fatty acids that are recognized as essential for humans
linolenic acid
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unsaturated fats that have been converted to a solid by a process of hydrogenation
trans fats
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monounsaturated fatty acids; fatty acids that have one double hydrogen bond; nuts, avocados, and olive oil are high in this form of fat
MUFAs
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polyunsaturated fatty acids; fatty acids that contain more than one bond that is not fully saturated with hydrogen
PUFAs
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the organic building blocks from which proteins are made
amino acids
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amino acids that are produced in the body
nonessential amino acids
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amino acids that can only be obtained rom protein food sources
essential amino acids
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protein that contains all essential amino acids in amounts relative to the amounts needed to support growth
complete protein
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proteins that lack required amounts of one or more essential amino acids
incomplete proteins
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proteins with offsettings missing amino acids; complementary proteins can be combined to provide complete protein
complementary proteins
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a complete protein mix resulting from combining a small amount of a compelte protein with an incomplete protein to provide all essentail amino acids
supplementary proteins
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inorganic chemical elemtnts that are required in the diet to support growth and repair tissue and to regulate body functions
minerals
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a protein that forms the major constituent of connective tissuse, cartilage, bone, and skin
collagen
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a state of being poisonous
toxicity
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vitamins that are dissolved, transported, and stored in fat
fat soluble vitamins
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vitamins that are dissolved and transported in water/fluids; cannot be stored
water-soluble vitamins
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