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What is Pica or geophagy?
eating of non-nutrient substances (due to deficiency of iron)
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What is Myoglobin?
transports oxygen, carbon dioxide in the muscle and gives muscle it's red color
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What is Osteoporosis?
lack of calcium (alchol, lack of exercise, and smoking can worsen the condition)
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What are electrolytes?
sodium, potassium, and chloride > they regulate water balance
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"Sodium Free" refers to what?
refers to food products containing less than 5 mg/serving
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What is Edema?
fluid accumilates ouside of cell/ retention of sodiim
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What is Osmotic Pressure?
its the force that moves the water into a space where a solute is more concentrated
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What is Goiter?
disease of not enough iodine (enlarged thyroid gland)
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What is Mottling?
brown spotting on the teeth due to too much flouride
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What are Oxalates?
greens> spinach, kale, rhubarb, choclate, strawberries (oxalates interfer with absorbtion of calcium)
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What are Phytates?
grains> oats, barley, rice (Phytates interfer with absorbtion of calcium)
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What are the 3 minerals used in nerve muscle function?
sodium, potassium, chloride
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What are teh 2 major classifications of minerals?
Macro minerals & Micro minerals
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Heart failure may result from a deficiency of what minerals?
Potassium, Selenum, and Magnesium
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Physical weakness, lack of energy and apathy may be the result of a deficiency of what?
iron, iodine and copper
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Minerals that are found in high concentration in extracellular fluids?
sodium and chloride
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Minerals that are found in high concentration in intracellular fluids?
potassium
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What is the mineral least likely to be deficient in anyone's diet?
phosphorus
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List 3 minerals that are most apt to be deficient in the American diet
iron, zinc, calcium
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What are the 4 most abundant minerals found in the body?
1st calcium, 2nd phosphorus, 3rd potassium, 4th sulfur
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Which mineral is important for bone formation and mitochondrial function?
calcium
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The most common nutrient deficiency worldwide?
iron
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What is the best sports drink?
water
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Diets deficient in minerals cause slow and stunted___1___ and __2______ the ability to do physical work.
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Which mineral is considered to be an antioxidant?
selenium
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What are the 3 minerals that are considered environmental toxicants?
mercury, lead, cadmium
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Toxic amounts of what mineral can cause mental retardation in children?
lead
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Should air travelers increase or decrease their fluid intake ?
increase
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Water balance in the body is maintained by balancing_____1__ outside the cell and _____2__ inside the cell.
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Pharmacologists consider 250 mg of caffeine a "large" amount. This amount would be found in how many cups of brewed coffee?
3
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Major sources of Potassium?
oranges and bananas
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Major sources of Iron?
red lean meat, liver, peanut butter, dried beans and egg yolk
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Major sources of Iodine?
seafood, iodized salt
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Major sources of Fluoride?
fluoridated water, toothpaste
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Major sources of Calcium?
dairy products
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Major sources of Cobalt?
protein sources only (vitamin B12 only)
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Major sources of Sodium?
salt, soy sauce, processed foods
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Major sources of Selenum?
liver, meats and grains
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Deficiency/ disease of Zinc?
lack of sexual development
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Deficiency/disease of Potassium?
heart failure
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Deficiency/disease of Flouride?
osteoporosis
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Deficiency/disease of Iodine?
cretinism, mental retardation, goiter
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Deficiency/disease of Iron?
weakness, lassitude, anemia
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Deficiency/disease of Water?
dehydration and decreased physical performance
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Deficiency/disease of Selenium?
heart disease (cardiomyopothy), Keshan disease
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Deficiency/disease of Magnesium?
uncontrollable muscle twitching and convulsions
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Deficiency/disease of Calcium?
osteoporosis
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What is major functions of Magnesium?
synthesis & breakdown of energy nutrients & relaxes nerve impulses & muscle contractions
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What is major function of Iron?
brings oxygen to the cells to liberate energy
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What is major function of Zinc?
essential for protein synthesis and growth & healing of wounds
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What is major function of Iodine?
regulates metabolism
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What is major function of Sulfur?
maintains the three dimensional structure of proteins, the proper function of enzymes and the ridged structure of hair, nails and skin
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What is major function of Phosphorus?
DNA, necessary for energy release/transfer, phospholipids in cell membranes, coenzyme function
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What is major function of Chromium?
glucose metabolism
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What is major function of Copper?
heals wounds, helps make elastin, protect nerve fibers, helps prevent anemia, part of many enzymes, involved in protein and iron metabolism
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What is major function of Manganese?
helps enzymes metabolize energy nutrients and clotting of blood
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What is major function of Molybdenum?
helps with activity of various enzymes and component of enamel of teeth
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What is major function of Water?
acts as lubricant, acts as a solvent, regulates temperature, shock absorber
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Toxicity of Iron?
liver damage and heart failure
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Toxicity of Sodium?
Hypertension leading to heart disease
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Toxicity of Iodine?
- decreased thyroid activity, enlarged thyroid gland
- hyperthyroidism
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Toxicity of Water?
headache, vomitting, abdominal cramps, circulatory failure, and death
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Toxicity of Potassium?
hyperkalemia
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Toxicity of Fluoride?
mottling or brown spotting on teeth
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How much Sodium is recommended?
500-2400 mg
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What can cause calcium loss from the bone?
excessive amounts of Vitamin A , protein and caffeine
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Where is most of the body's Calcium stored?
bones
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What percent of salt in diets come from processed foods?
75%
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What is the deficiency or Potassium?
Hypokalemia
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What is the toxicity of Potassium?
hyperkalemia
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Where is most of the body's Potassium located?
intracellular (98%)
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Where is Chloride in the body located?
major negative ion of the fluid outside the cells
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Functions of Sulfur?
- component of Amino Acids to stabilize their shape
- Proper functions of enzymes
- rigid structure of hair, nails, and skin
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Characteristics of Sulfur?
- found in every cell in body and essential for life itself
- 10% of mineral content of body--4th most abundant in body
- skin, hair, and nails have high sulfur content
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Functions of Iron?
- Transports oxygen & carbon dioxide to and from cells
- combines with protein to make hemoglobin
- brings oxygen to the cells to liberate energy
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Characteristics of Iron?
- Need Vitamin C to absorb iron
- tannic acid(found in tea), too much fiber and too much phosphorus interferes with absorption of Fe
- Only about 10% of ingested Fe is absorbed
- Fe is best absorbed when comes from meat
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