parasitology final exam

• intermittent Ds,
• shedding
• no cyst
• fragmented karyosome
• microscopy fixed smears
• PCR gold std

• poor sanitation
• gay community
• trophs invade gut
• bowel bleeding
• diagnosed trophs stool
• asymptomatic
• bloody Ds
• PCR differentiate dispar

• sandflies
• multiply in gut
• PCR for speciation, gold std

• old world- major, tropica
• - skin ulcer, scars
• americana- braziliensis, mexicana.
• - localised, mucosutaneous, difuse

• denovani, infantum, chagasi.
• ferver
• malaise
• Ds
• anaemia
• hypergammaglobulinaemia
• hepatospleenomegaly

• opportunistic
• microscopy gold atd
• not routine
• flourescent stain
• PCR- speciation

• RT- multiplexed reaction pre amplify multiple targes, used as template for many PCRs, limited by competition
• RM- separate steps for multiplexing and quantification, compeition avoided.

• opportunistic, free living
• fresh water
• invade olfactory mucosa and cribiform plate
• encephalitis (brain)

• opportunistic, free living
• soil, airborne
• ketatitis (eye), encephalitis, skin infection, lesion
• contact lenses, poor hygiene.

• opportunisitc, free living
• granulomatous, encephaliais, skin infections, fatality
• problem diagnosis, recognition,
• multiplex PCR

• sydney water act 1994
• 5 year water quality management
• australian drinking water guidelines
• nsw health satisfaction

• prevent contamination movement
• verification at taps
• identify contaminants
• assessing water at barriers
• hazards classified on rating and impact
• E. coli marker

• cryptosporidium
• giardia
• after drought, moderate rain
• boil water alert
• no disease as non infectious, non virulent types
• lab under stress
• crypto worse case- cl resistant, small
• viability assessment
• crypto behaviour

• highly structured
• protection
• high shear drives oocysts in, decreased detachment
• attach easier to biofilm

• from wastewater after treatment
• used compost, agriculture
• class A no path- ongoing tests
• class b low pathogens- no ongoing tests
• no illness associated
• dontsurvive soil 30 days, temp, sun, competition,no moisture

• diagnosis improvements
• eatign changes- fresh, organic
• globilisation
• demand
• traditions
• overfishing- aquaculture
• adventure travel
• hunting
• parasite free farming-animal welfare

• fish, salmon
• eggs, larvae in water ingested,
• fish to fish in muscle
• roundworms produce eggs- accidental hosts
• abdominal pain, nausea.

• crab, crayfish, fish
• snails, free, fish, human, biliary duct
• biliary duct obstruction, pain, nausea, Ds, eosinophilia, gallstones, cancer

• crabfish
• eggs, snails, crustacean, humans lungs, swallow eggs
• ds, cough, hepatospleenomegaly, eosinophilia, urticaria (skin),
• resolves

• pig, in muscle,adults muscle
• asymptomatic
• haemorrhages
• rashes
• eosinophilia
• pneumonitis

pigs, muscle, humans, scolex attaches intestine, if eggs ingested cysts develop in brain, tissue, eye, liver- various symptoms

• egg faeces, snail, free swimming, encyst plants, human, adults biliary ducts
• hepatomegaly, fever, Vs, Ds, eosinophilia, billiary obstruction

• pork, beef, chicken, cats faeces, fruit
• cysts develop
• asymptomatic, congenital, encephalitis, IC

• raspberries, basil, peas, lettuce
• oocysts ingestd, reproduction, passed

• chagus disease-
• fruits, berries, triatomine bug blood, infects cells, multiply in bug midgut.
• eye inflammation, anaemia, weakness, heart failure

• cost
• availability
• distribution
• side effects
• efficacy
• resistance
• ADRs
• administration
• 12 drugs
• discontinue research

survival or reduction in protection period

• genetics
• biology
• host parasite relationship
• lifecycle

alternate pathway, targer alteration

• converted to inactive
• prodrug not activated

• decreased import
• increased export
• cross resistance

• overproduction oftarget
• accumulation of matbolite antagonistic to drug

• induce antbody production, long, IgM, IgG booster
• vs
• antibodies from person/ animals immune

• quality
• shelf life
• non culturable
• post vaccination incidents

• killed or inactivated
• less haxardous
• short immunity

• live
• long immunity

• parasite subunit
• biosynthesis of antigenic proteins
• chemically defined antigens
• DNA vaccines
• genetically engineered live vaccines

• enhance immune response, intensity, duration.
• response to non immunogenic substances

• antigen localisation and delivery
• antigen presenting cells activated and recruited

• intracellular parasites
• host mimicry
• polyclonial activation
• immunosuppression
• antigenic diversity
• parasite sequestration
• cyst formation

• escape mechanisms
• developing countries with poor conditions
• costs
• restrictions on adjuvants
• lack international commitment
• undernourished and compromised immune system

immune reponse to parasite

• nutrient competition
• destruction
• mechanical blockage

• hot, cold, sweat, rupture shizont, merozoite release and hemozoin wastes. hemozoin binds to innate immune cells increasing TNFa and IL1b
• results in fever by affecting hypothalamus.

• headache, confusion, coma, death
• cytokines/proinflammatory molecules and mechanical obstruction from sticky RBCs.

• swimmers itch and dermatitis from skin penetration adn excretory product release, hypersensitivity
• sends marophages and TH2 to infection.
• katoyma fever response to antigens for eggs. --> liver fibrosis and hepatospleenomegaly

• anatomical seclusion
• antigenic variation
• shedding/ replacement surface
• immunosuppression
• antiimune mechanisms
• migration
• absorb host proteins
• molecular mimicry
• enzyme secretion- prevent attachment

• too large forphagocytosis
• tegument coat not penetrated by complement
• eosinophilia and IgE activated to expell parasite worm