Exam 3 Part 2 RESP 132.txt

These scans of the lungs are superior to the conventional chest x0ray films in the visualization of pneumonias and related pathologic changes in the hila and pleura.

is caused by an infection around the airway. Causes scaring and puylls the airways widely open. Shows up as a very characteristic pattern with the blood vessel appearing to be small stone set against the much larger ring of bronchial tissue.

the diagnosis of emphysema or COPD cia conventional radiography based on pulmonary hyperexpansion and bullae formation is how accurate?

Ct scans are how accurate in diagnosis of emphysema or COPD?

The role of MRI in the diagnosis of intrathoracic lung disease has been limited by breathing artifacts caused by?

The one area that MRI is better than a CT sacn is in the evauation of?

Is MRI better than CT scan in the evaluation of the invasion of lung cancer to the cell wall?

These are obtained by measuring gamma radiationemitted from the chest after radiopharmaceuticals are injected into the bloodstream and inhaled into the lung.

Lung scans are useful in for studying the distribution of ?

what is the major clinical application of lung scanning?

Lung scanning: distribution of perfusion is measured by attaching radioactive particles to albumin molecules that are so large the cannot get through?

lung scanning: Distribution of ventilation is measured by having the patient breathe a?

Uses a glucose analog attached to a prositron emitter. Patient fasts for several hours, injected with the raidopharmaceutical labeled sugar water, and then is allowed ti remain suopine and perfectly quiet for about an hour. Metabol. active tissue will take up the surgar and show up hot/black on film. Tumors and infections have high metabolism.

in evaulating x-rays a system on using the alphabet a-z has been recomened to remind the examiner which parts of the chest film to?

is a useful primarily in determinung whether a pulmonary infiltrate is in anatomic contact with a heart border or the diaphram.

infiltrates in the lung will blur the edges of the heart or the diaphragm where the infiltrate touches them. this observation helps to locate the infiltrate in tthe lung.

Interstitial fibrosis causes a decrease in lung compliance that results in the patient breathing with a smaller ____.

As the VT decreases, the respiratory rate must increase to maintain?

Usually identifies fine inspiratory crackles that do not clear with deep breaths or changes in position. The crackles are more noticble over the lower lobes.

Final diagnosis of interstitial lung disease often requires?

Redistribution of pulmonary vasculature with engorgement of the upper lobe vessels, fluid collection in the dependent portions of the lung, an increase in the ratio of the width of the heart at its greatest span to the width of the thorax: the cardiothoracic ratio (C/T), and development of kerley's B lines cause changes in chest film with?

Infections, occupational, neoplastic, congential or familial, metabolic, physical agents, circulatory, immunologic cause?

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These lines are usually seen in the right base, are less than 1mm thick and approx. 1-2 cm in length. They are horizontal and start at the periphery, extanding into the lung approx. 1-2 cm. tthey are pleural lymphatic vessels filled with fluid.

Minimal loss of volume, Usually lobar or segmental distribution, homogeneous density, air bronchogram is the airway leading to the consolidated area is open are what?

Reduced resonance to percussion over the involved area, bronchophony and bronchial breath sounds, crackles often heard over the involved area, whispered voice sounds increased/egophony present, tachypnea, and fever are?

Lung consolidation is most often caused by ___________ that fills the lung tissue with fluid so that there is little loss of volume/atelectasis.

When the patient has signs and symptoms suggestive of an acute or chronic disorder such as mycardial infarction or congestive heart failure you should?\

often used as a screening tool to determine the patient's health status before major surgery.

Depolarization of the ventricles is represented by?

The QRS is taller than the?

Ventricular repolarization is seen as?

This wave is normal upright and rounded.

Just after the T wave, but before the next p wave, a small deflection occurs know as?

this wave is thought to represent the final phase of ventricular repolarization. In most cases it is not seen/

usually consist of several distinct waves, each of which has a ltter assigned to it as a label.

If the first deflection of the QRS complex is downward ( negative) it is labeled as?

the initial upward (possitive) deflection on a QRS is called?

The first negative deflection following an R wave is called?

If the QRS complex has a second positive deflection it is labeled?

A negative deflection can only be called a Q wave only if it is _______?

In clinical practice, each ventricular depolarization complex is called?

the QRS complex is important to evaluate in the ECG because it reflects the electrical activity of?

The steps to follow when interpreting ECG:

Heart rythms that are lower than 60 beats/min.

heart rythms that are over 100 beats/min.

Atrial flutter, Atrial fibrillation, second dgree AV block, third degree AV block can do what to the P waves?

ST segement elevation may indicate?

ST segement depression may indicate?

The ST segment is measured from the?

the junction between the QRS complex and the ST segement.

is a benign dysrhythmia that meets all teh criteria for normal sinus rhythm except that the rhythm is irregular. it usually does not produce symptoms in the patient and requires no treatment.

Systematic evaluation: Rate = 60-100 beats ( maybe <60), Rhythm = irregular, P waves = normal; each followed by QRS, PR interval =

This occurs when an ectopic focus in the atrium usurps the pacemaking function of the SA node and paces the heart, usually at an abnormally rapid rate of 160-249 beats/min.

This appears on the monitor as a series of normal looking QRS complexes, each assosiated with a P wave. P wave may be obscured by the preceding T wave.

PAT is seen in what two kinds of patients?

Emotional Stress, mitral valve disease, rheumatic Heart disease, digitalis toxicity, or the use of alcohol, caffine, or nicotine couse cause?

Systematic Evaluation: Rate = 160-240 beats/min, Rhythm = regular, P Waves = abnormal configuration, PR interval = usually not measureable, QRS complex = < 0.20 sec. in width.

is a dysrhythmia that produces a very distinctive ECG pattern, usually caused by a rapidly firing ectopic site in the atria that presents as a characteristic sawtooth pattern between normal-appearing QRS complexes.

Results in diminished atrial filling time, which results in minimal atrial assitance in filling the ventricles.

Appears on the monitor as a series of broad QRS complexes, occuring at a rapid rate, each without an identifiable P wave. Condition originates from an ectopic focus in the ventricles associated with enhanced automaticity ir reentry. It is a run of three or more consecutive PVC's.

Sytematic Evaluation: Rate = 140-300 beats/min, Rhythm = regular, P waves = not associated with the QRS complex, PR interval = not measureable, QRS complex = abnormal and > 0.12 sec. in width

Is the presence of chaotic, completely unorganized electrical activity in the ventricular myocardial fibers. Produces a characteristic wavy, irregular pattern on the ECG monitor.

Systematic Evaluation: Rate = none, Rhythm = irregular and chaotic waves, PR interval = none, QRS complex = no waves appear with regularity on tthe ECG tracing.

is cardiac standstill and is invariably fatal unless an acceptable rhythm is rapidly restored. is one criteria used for determination of clinical death, Reconized on the ECG monitor as a straight or almost straight line.

is not a discrete dysrhythmia but rather an electromechanical condition that can be diagnosed clinically. there is a dissociation of the electrical and the mechanical activity of the heart.

Tension pneumothorax, cardiac trauma, hypothermia, and severe electrolyte or acid-base disturbances are among the most common causes of what?

Is any rhythm that does not produce a pulse with the exceptin of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and asytole.