Psych Quiz #2

1) Nervous

2) Immune

3) Endocrine

* Psychological and physiological phenomenon

* Begins in the nervous system- sounds the alarm

• Central (NS) Peripheral (NS)
• Somatic (NS) Automatic (NS)
• Sympathtic NS Catabolic Parasympathetic NS Anabolic

Brain and Spinal Cord

All the rest

* Musculoskeletal NS or 'voluntary'.

* Regulates voluntary motor movements.

* Body functions with little voluntary control.

* Respiration, contraction of smooth muscles, goose bumps

• * Divided into 2:
• 1) Sympathetic
• 2) Parasympathetic

*Activated in stress by hypothalamus

*Fight or flight

* Activation of Catabolic (energy consumption)

* Processes blood flow up to brain and down to stomach/ intestinal organs

*With Parasympathetic: keeps metabolic process in a state of equilibrium

• *Works to conserve and store energy (anabolic)
• *Holds the fuel for the sympathetic
• *with Sympathetic, keeps metabolic process in a state of equilibrium

• * Part of Central Nervous System
• 1) Brain makes decision
• 2) Communicates to periphery by signals passed through the spinal cord to appropriate periphery target (muscles, organs)
• 3) Same time--> the periphery sends sensory info to the brain
• 4) Process repeats

• *Brain has 3 layers:
• HIndbrain
• Midbrain
• Forebrain

* Retrainable and can cross work (rats eyes, ears)

*Core- deepest brain structures

*Regulates general arousal muscle tone

• * with Midbrain, communication conduit for info coming and going to
• periphery

*Surrounds hindbrain

*The Reticular Activating System (RAS) runs through the midbrain

* with Hindbrain is the communication conduit for info coming and going to periphery

• * Most important structure related to stress response
• * Passes through the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain
• * Overstimulation of is a constant flight or fight
• * A key to stress management is reducing chronically high levels of arousal
• * Constantly acting, taking in sensory and determines what should be attended to

• * Top layer
• * Outside most part of is the cerebral cortex
• * Most advanced part of brain
• 1) Basil Ganglia
• 2) Limbic System
• 3) Thalamus
• 4) Hypothalamus

• * Part of Forebrain
• * Makes us uniquely human
• * Language, most of conciousness, appraisal process
• * Wrinkly part of brain
• * Wrinkles equal a new learned item (brain doesn't grow/ no physical room to increase)

• * Regulates Motor Movements
• * Part of the Forebrain

• * Almond
• * Fear
• * PTSD is overactive amygdala
• * sits close to hippocampus to remember fear/ protection but can cause PTSD and phobias

• * Water Monster
• * Longterm monster

• * Regulates emotion
• * Part of forebrain
• * primary target of RAS
• * Hippocampus and Amygdala

• * Regulates 4 'f's' (fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating)
• * part of forebrain

• * Specialized cells of Central Nervous System
• * 2 types of projections:
• 1) dendrites
• 2) Axon

• * Short branchy projections of neuron
• * Stress increases in neuron firing and increases in growth

• * Single, long slender projection with branches at the end (terminal buttons)
• * Chemicals inside vesicles--> neurotransmitters

small space that seperates axon of one neuron from dendrite of another

general term for events that ocur in synapse

Transmittion of information via electric-chemical process that fires down the axon

• * Imbdded on surface of the dendrites (cell body)
• * Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft to receptor
• * Stress increases of neuron firing adn the # of these in limbic system

Useful in treating conditions caused by overactive neurotransmitter

• * Inhibits anxiety
• * Modualtes anxiety

Natural occuring salt used to treat bipolar originally

Tell what's connect to what

• * We do not change by trying to change.
• * We must accept who/ how we are.

We must get some sort of pleasure out of behavior and/ or consequence

First drug used for mental illness--> sedative

• * Modulates mood and reinforcement processes
• * Excessive = dillusions, pyschzophrenia
• * Too little= parkinson disease (lack of neurological stimulus

Modulates mood, sleep and pain

• *Excitatory neurotransmitter
• *Modulates arousal processes (sleep/ wakefulness)

Involved in memory process

Modulates pain and feelings of euphoria

• *Complex system of glands located primarily in periphery
• * the glands influence/ interact with other body systems by releasing hormones into the bloodstream
• * When threat is detected glands release hormones

Active in regulating stress response in Edocrine System

Thymus

Stomach

adrenal

Pancreas

Duodenum

Testis

• *Controls 2 stress reactivity pathways via its influence on pituitary and adrena
• 1) secretes hormones that activates pituitary
• 2) pituitary secretes hormones
• 3) hormones activates adrenal

• * Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
• * Excessive activation results in clogged arteries, decrease effectiveness of immune system

• *Fuel for fight-or-flight
• *increases blood sugar, mobilizing free fatty acids and increases blood pressure

• Composed of 2 primary organs:
• 1) Thymas (T-lymphocytes)
• 2) Bursa (B-Lymphocytes)

Cells that permit immune system to respond in a highly specific manner to substances recognized as foreighn to body

Detroys celss that have been envaded by foreign substances

• to distinguish self from non-self:
• 1) diversity (vast array of foreign substances to which system responds)
• 2) specificty and Memory (response to future interactions

Inability to react to a battery of anigens (foreign substances)

Inability of the immune system to react and attack antigens with normal strength

Disorders of the immune system in which the body does not recognize its own cells and mistakenly reacts to its own itssues as if they were antigens

Class of man-made drugs (e.g. valium) that are designed to reduce anxiety

systems approaches that hold that feedback governs many behaviors and also reflects the capacity for equilibrium

Models that view stress as a fixed system in which continual stress adds up and compounds existing problems.

Increase in pain tolerance that occursin response to specific stressors

• * Naturally occurring opiatelike molecules
• * Produces 2 major effects:
• 1) analgesia
• 2) euphoria

• 1) Alarm--> body's initial response to stressor--> meausurable change in body systems
• 2) Arousal is channeled into a limited # of body systems--> most efficient system for stressor activated
• 3) Chronic overactivation of systems = breakdown, illness, disease

Any procedure designed to enhance ability to cope with stressors or with negative emotions elicited by them

• 1) designed for generally adequately adjusted people
• 2) behavioraly oriented
• 3)Short-term limited
• 4) emphasis on self-administration with minimal guidance

• 1) growth of community mental health
• 2) diminishing influence of 'menatl disease'
• 3) disenchantment w/ psychotherapy
• 4) change in popular attitude towards mental health and self-help

if helped early enough and taught to use their own resources and social support people can deal w/ major stressors

• *Systematically tensing then releasing different muscle groups
• * Edmund Jacobson

• 2 Categories:
• 1) concentrative--> focus on single stimulus (word, phrase, image)
• 2) nonconcentrative--> openess, expansion

a word, sound or phrase thought to have particularly calming properties

• 1) quiet environment
• 2) mental device
• 3) passive attitude
• 4) comfortable position

• * Johannes Schultz
• * Self-hypnotic procedure
• * Self-exercise/ self-induction therapy
• 1) passive concentration
• 2) minimize extraneous stimulation
• 3) focus on internal sensations
• 4) repetition of verbal formulas

* Teach control of stress-related physiological responses that have been operating in a maladaptive fashion

Widely used by people in informal ways to mederate anxiety

• * Cognitive behavioral approach
• 1) Specify problematic situation
• 2) generating problem-focused response
• 3) try solutions
• 4) evaluate effectivness

• 1) Problem definition and formulation: 'can-do' attitude, specify problem area
• 2) Generation of Alternatives: Brainstorm possible solutions, 'freewheeling', creative
• 3) Decision making: estimating the consequences of following a course of action
• 4) Verification: implementing selected solutions and evaluating the desirability of consequences

• 1) Identifying frequently encountered stressful situations
• 2) Providing Information
• 3) Rehearsal
• 4) Performance feedback and generalization

• * Essential component of social skills training
• * Direct and clear expression of one's thoughts and feelings and desires in a socially appropriate way

• 1) expressing positive feeling
• 2) self-affirmation
• 3) negative opinions (expressing justified anger)

• * People born shy
• * learning history is important

• 1) ID specific assertive behavior
• 2) Rehearsal of assertive behavior
• 3) apply newly learned skills

• * Sugar coated hostility
• * Indirect and covert ways of expressing resistance and achieveing the ends designed to preclde retaliation by the target of behavior