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B cells initiate.... ........and secrete.......that neutralize or mark the antigen for destruction by other cells in the immune system
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When a clients immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies due to exposure to a specific antigen, it is referred to as......immunity
active
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The administration of gamma golobulin after exposure to hepatitis is referred to as.....immunity
passive
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Activated T cells recognize specific antigens and produce hormone like proteins called.......that regulate the intensity and duration of the immune response
cytokines
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immunostimulants, referred to as..........., have been approved to boost certain funcions of the immune system
biologic response modifiers
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immunosuppressants are effective at inhibiting a clients immune system, but must be monitored carefully as loss of immune function can lead to....................
superinfections
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Four drug classes used to dampen the immune response are (4)
- glucocorticoids
- antimetabolites
- antibodies
- calcineurin inhibitors
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interferon alfa 2 (roferon-A, intron A) is a .......
immunostimulant
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cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) is a ............
calcineurin inhibitor
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Poliovirus, oral (Orimune) is a.........
vaccine
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rituximab (rituxan) is a ......
antibody
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azathioprine (imuran) is a .......
antimetabolite/ cytotoxic agent
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cytomegalovirus immune globulin (cytoGam) is a ......
immune globulin preparation
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Foreign agents that elicit a specific immune response are referred to as what?
Antigens
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A nurse must understand the interrelationships in the immune system, and one of those relationships is the primary function of plasma cells to secrete what?
antibodies
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Memory B cells are programmed to remember the initial antigen interaction. Should the body be exposed to the same antigen in the future, the body manufactures high levels of antibodies in approximately what time frame??
2-3 days
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Which drugs must be administered to avoid the body's rejection of an organ transplant??
immunosuppressants
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which drug produces its therapeutic effects by inhibiting T cells
cyclosporine (Sandimmune)
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The nurse is administering the client 18 mg/kg of cyclosporine. The nurse should monitor the client for primary adverse effects relating to which system??
GI tract
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What are the different types of vaccine suspensions?
- 1. Killed microbes
- 2. Microbes taht are alive uyt attenuated
- 3. bacterial toxins
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To present effective client education, the nurse must know that the purpose of a vaccine is what???
to prevent infections from occuring
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during client education, the nurse needs to understand that a toxoid is classified as what???
vaccine
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What biologic response modifier would be prescribed for the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma?
Interferon alfa
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What biologic response modifier would be prescribed for the treatment of metastatic renal carcinoma?
interleukin 2
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Which biologic response modifier is reserved for the treatment of severe multiple sclerosis?
Interferon beta
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Which durg administration method has the highest psotential for severe adverse effects
IV
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For which disorder are neuroleptic drugs used for treatment?
bipolar disorder
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What is a potential early adverse effect from nitrous oxide
restlessness or anxiety
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What primary action of digoxin is effective in the treatment of heart failure????
It increases cardiac contractility/ output
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A 25 year old female is concerned about the possibility of contracting measles after a recent case at the day care center where she is employed. Her immunizations are up to date. The nurse recommends. What
- Drawing a measles titer
- The effectiveness of a vaccine can be assessed by measureing the amount of antibody produced after the vaccine has been administered. This quantity is called a titer.
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The nurse administers DPT, polio, Hib and hepatitis B immunizatins to a 2 month old child. Which of the following would be appropriate instructions for this child's mother.
- Remain in the clinic 30 minutes after reciving the immunization for observation.
- Although uncommon anaphylaxis is possible
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What agents are used to confer passive immunity to a patient?
immune globulin intramuscular (gamastan)
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the nurse would question an order for an immunostimulant therapy if the patient had what condition
pregnancy
pregnancy, and renal or liver disease, are contraindications to the use of immunostimulatn drugs.
used for infection, immunodeficiency diseae, and cancer
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With prolonged interferon alfa 2 (roferon A, intron A) therapy, the nurse would be alert of signs of
hepatotoxicity
Prolonged therapy with interfeon alfa 2 can result in serious toxicities such as immunosuppression, hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity
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A 68 year old patient with cancer complains of flu like symptoms after reciving interferon alfa 2. For relief of these symptoms, thenurse teaches the patient to self medicate with
acetaminophen
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A 55 year old female is receiving cyclosporine after a heart transplant. The patient exhibits a WBC of 12000, a sore throat, fatugue, and a low grade temperature the nurse suspects
infection
due to immune system supression by the medication, infections are common
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fyi..... grapefruit juice will increase cyclosporine levels 50-200% , resulting in drug toxicity. Handwashing is important to prevent infection. Renal toxicity and hypertension are adverse effects of cyclosporine therapy.
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The nurse should monitor a transplant patient for the major adverse effect of cyclosporine therapy by assessing which lab test?
- serum creatinine
- 75% of patients on cyclosporine experience decreased renal output due to physiological changes in the kidneys, such as microcalcifaction and interstitial fibrosis. The creatinine test is a good indicatior of renal function
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FYI- side effects of immunosuppressant therapy could include, alopecia, photosensitivity, infection, and pruritus
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vaccines
are biological agents used to prevent illness by boosting antibody production and producing active immunity. Passive immunity is obtained through the administration of antibodies
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cell mediated immunity....
involves the activation of specific T cells and the secretion of cytokines such as interferons and interleukins that enhance the immune response and rid the the foreign agent
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