-
where is ADH hormone produced?
Hypothalamus
-
Where is the ADH hormone stored?
Pituatary Gland
-
Gland in charge of regulating homeostasis
Hypothalamus
-
What disease displayes low levels of adrenal corticosteroid hormones, including aldosterone and cortisol?
Addison's Disease
-
syndrome caused by an increased production of adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)
Cushing's disease
-
Property of a solution that is influenced by size and shape of the molecules
(Boiling Point, Freezing Point, Osmotic Pressure, Vapor Pressure)
Colligative Properties
-
what is the average water content of total body weight
40-75%
-
what are some functions of water?
- Transport nutrients to cells
- Removes waste products (Via urination)
- Acts as body coolant (Via Sweating)
- Determines Cell Volume
-
intracellular fluid (ICF) accounts for how much of total body water?
2/3
-
Interior of each cell is separated from the ECF by the?
Semi-permeable membrane
-
What disease is characterized by obesity and weak muscles?
Cushing's syndrome
-
In what disease do patients display Hyperkalemia (K>) and hyponatremia (<Na)?
Addison's Disease
-
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) can be subdivided into?
Intravascular Fluid (Plasma)
Interstitial Cell Fluid
-
Active Transport requires the use of the?
ATP (Adrenosine Triphosphate) Pump
*EX. Na-K pump
-
What kind of fluid movement requires no energy?
Diffusion
-
passive movement of fluid from a lower concentration to a higher concentration
Osmosis
-
what system is in charge of vaso-constriction?
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
-
Juxtaglomerular (Granular Cells) secrete what hormone?
Renin
-
Angiotensin II stimulates the production of what hormone?
Aldosterone
-
what effect does aldosterone have on blood pressure?
Raises Blood pressure
-
Aldosterone regulates the?
reabsorbtion of water and sodium within the nepron
-
what is the vaso-dilator?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
-
what is the bodies response to increases osmolality?
- 1. ADH secretion
- 2. Sensation of thirst
-
Diabetes Insipidus is a deficiency of what hormone?
ADH (Vasopressin)
*results in Hypernatremia and dehydration
-
what are the normal ranges for plasma osmolality?
275-295 millimoles/kg
-
Osmolality is based on the ___________ of solutes
Concentration
-
what is the clinical significance of Osmolality?
- Measures the sodium concentration in the plasma
- (sodium associated with 90% of osmotic activity in plasma)
-
Why is sodium so important in the plasma?
Associated with 90% of all osmotic activity in the plasma
-
Name some colligative properties
Freezing point
Boiling Point
Vapor Pressure
Osmotic Pressure
-
clinical significance of excess water intake
Hypo-osmolality
Hyponatremia
-
clinical significance of water deficit
Hyper osmolality
Hypernatremia
-
in what type of patients does hypernatremia become a concern?
- patients who are unable to drink or ask for water
- -infants
- -unconscious patients
- -diminished mental patients
-
why is plasma not a good specimen for osmolality?
possible anticoagulant contamination
-
why is serum osmolality measured?
to compare to your urine osmolality
-
most common principle for osmometers?
- freezing point depression
- standarized using NaCl reference solution
-
How does vapor pressure osmolality work?
the more solute a solution has, the longer it takes to evaporate, therefore one can determine the concentration of a solution based on the evaporation rate
-
what is the formula for calculating osmolality?
(1.86*Na) + (Glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8) = Osmolality
-
what kind of electrolytes migrate towards the cathode?
-
what electrolytes migrate towards the anodes
-
what electrolytes are used for body hydration?
-
what electrolytes are used for enzyme activation?
-
what electrolytes are used for neuromuscular activity
-
what are some extracellular ions?
-
what are some intracellular ions?
-
what is the primary function of Na?
Body hydration
-
approximately how much filtered Na is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
60-75%
-
how does Na help preserve the ECF volume?
Attracts fluid to itself and distributes it throughout the body
-
what is the recommended daily intake for Na?
2,400 - 4,500 mg Na/day
-
what is the renal threshold for Na?
110 - 130 mmol/L
-
what does primary aldosteronism result in?
increased Na in the ECF
increased excretion of K (causing a decrease of K in ECF)
-
what are the 3 processes for regulation of Na?
- -intake of water (thirst)
- -excretion of water (urination)
- -blood volume status
-
what is hyponatremia?
deficiency of Na in the blood
-serum/plasma level <135 mmol/L
-
what disease involves inadequate secretion of aldosterone?
Addisons's disease
-
what disorder displays
-poor skin turgur
-decreased jugular venous pressure
-dry mucuous membranes
Hypovolemic Hyponatremia
-
what is hypernatremia?
increased amount of Na in the blood
> 150 mmol/L
-
Hypernatremia involves symptoms that mostly affect the?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
-
treatment for Hypernatremia MUST be done gradually, otherwise it will cause?
cerebral edema and death
-
symptoms of hyponatremia with serum readings of 125 - 130 mmol/L involve what kind of problems?
Gastrointestinal
-
where is K predominantly found?
inside RBC's
-
What are some functions of K
Neuromuscular excitability
-Ex. Contraction of the heart
-
what would cause an increase in K into the ECF
- anything that lyses your RBC's allowing K out of the membrane
- -severe trauma
-tumor lysis syndrome
-massive blood transfusion
-
what is hyperkalemia?
increased K in the blood
-
what is hypokalemia?
defficiency of K in the blood
< 3 mmol/L
-
What are some functions of Cl
maintain osmolality
blood volume
electric neutrality
-
what is the osmolal gap?
the difference between the measured and calculated osmolality
-
electrolytes differ in concentration throughout the body but the totals balance to achieve a neutral electrical charge, this is known as?
Electroneutrality
-
Cushings syndrome is predominantly seen in what gender?
Female
-
reference range for chloride in the plasma/serum?
98 - 107 mmol/L
-
reference range for Cl in a 24 hr. urine collection?
110 - 250 mmol/day
-
What electrolyte passively follows Na?
Cl
Na+ Cl- (positive attracts negative)
-
disoder displaying the OBSTRUCTION of the exocrine glands, including sweat glands, mucous glands and pancreas, recessively inherited in infants and children
Cystic Fibrosis
-
most common diagnostic tool for cystic fibrosis?
Sweat Chloride test
-
What % of P is located in the bone?
80%
-
What is so crucial about P?
facilitates Oxygen delivery to the tissues
assists in phagocytosis
healthy bones and teeth
-
What vitamin increases P in the blood?
vitamin D
increases P absorbtion in the intestines and the kidneys
-
what hormone lowers the concentration of P in the blood?
Parathyroid hormone
-
Hyperphosphatemia is commonly seen in patients with?
Lymphoblastic anemia
-
the average human body contains _____ g of Mg
24
-
what hormone aids in the expulsion of Mg from the body?
Aldosterone
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