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Interphase
- G1, S, G2
- Everything in cell cycle except for the mitosis
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Mitosis
- the process that separated duplicated chromosomes into 2 parts
- includes prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
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Cytokinesis
- division of cytoplasm during M phase
- animals: pinches off
- plants: cell plate forms
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Prophase
- 1st phase of mitosis
- Chromatin coils so tightly that chromosomes appear
- Nucleoli, nuclear envelope dissappear
- 2 pairs of centrioles move to opposite poles
- spindle fibers (microtubules) extend from centriole to centromere
- asters radiate from centrioles
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Haploid
- n
- Half the number of chromosomes
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Metaphase
- 2nd phase of mitosis
- doubled chromosomes line up on equatorial plane (metaphase plane)
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Anaphase
- 3rd phase of mitosis
- chromatids seperate
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Telophase
- Considered the opposite of prophase
- enviro reforms
- spindle fibers resolve
- nucleoli reappear
- cytokinesis
- formation of daughter cells
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Chromosome structure
- Rod-shaped structures made of DNA and protein
- In eukaryotes, DNA wraps around proteins called histones to help maintain the compact structure of chromosomes
- Chromosomes in prokaryotes are simpler
- Before, DNA in chromatin
- We have 46, 23 from each parent
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Epithelial tissue
- Often appears as a continuous sheet of cells
- simple or stratified
- squamos cuboidal or columnal
- found in skin, walls of blood vessels, air sacs in lungs, cheek
- function: protection, absorbtion
- characteristics: avascular (no blood vessels), no extracellular matrix, cells packed together
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Simple vs stratified (epithelial)
- Simple: contains one layer of cells, named by shape of cells
- Stratified: contains multiple layers, named by shape of apical cells
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Shapes in tissues
- Squamos: flat
- cubodial: cubed
- columnal: cylindrical
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Connective tissue
- Most abundant and variable tissue type
- cells not in direct contact since volume of extra-cellular matrix is greater than the volume occupied by cells
- function: connects organs, gives support and protection (physical and immune), storage of energy and heat production, movement and transport of materials
- 6 types
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6 types of connective tissue
- 1) Fibrous loose- between tissues and organs
- 2) Dense fibrous- tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone, ligaments don't heal well)
- 3) Cartilage- covering bones between vertebrae
- 4) Bone- skeleton, calcified
- 5) Adipose- fat under skin, insolation and energy, storage
- 6) Blood- blood vessels, transport, extracellular matrix is fluid
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Muscle tissue
- Characteristics: closely packed, little extracellular matrix, contraction--> actin and myosin
- Stem cells can form more muscle
- 3 types
- Skeletal- attached to bone, striated (voluntary), each fiber multinucleated, can't divide
- Cardiac- heart, striated, involuntary, can't divide, lack stem cells (think myocardial arrest)
- Smooth muscle- not striated, CAN divide, walls of blood vessels and hollow organs (bladder and stomach), with intercalated discs
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Tissue/organ/organ system
- Tissue: organization of similar cells that perform a specific function
- Organ: organization of diff kinds of tissues that together perform a specific function
- Organ system: various kinds of organs that together perform a specific function (ex: nervous)
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Anatomy/histology/physiology
- Anatomy: the study of structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts
- Histology: study of tissues
- Physiology: study of the functions of the body
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Anatomical position
- Person standing erect
- feet flat on floor
- arms at side
- palms, eyes, face facing forward
frame of reference for descriptions and dissection
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Nervous tissue
- Function: sensory and conducts an impulse
- Characteristics: dendrites and axons
- types: glial and neurons
- neurons can't reproduce
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Superficial and deep
- Superficial: toward surface of the body
- Deep: away from surface of the body
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Proximal and distal
- closer to and farther from the origin of body
- LIMBS
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Right and left
Like stage right and left
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Dorsal and ventral
Back and belly
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Anterior and posterior
Front and back
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Frontal
Divides anterior and posterior
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Superior and inferior
Toward head and toward feet
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Sagittal
Cut down middle splitting right and left
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Transverse
Cut seperating top from bottom
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Medial and lateral
Center and on the sides
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Our chromosomes
we have 46 diploid
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Sex cells
- Sperm and egg cells
- n- haploids
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Autosomes
all non sex chromosomes (22 pairs)
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Somatic cells
- All of our diploid cells
- (all the ones with autosomic chromosomes)
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Karyotyping
- That sheet with all of the chromosomes
- Know that the sex chromosomes were shorter
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Chromotids
- Homologous: same size, shape, genes (daughters)
- Sister chromotids make a butterfly, otherwise not sister
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