Anatomy

Supplies O2 & eliminates CO2
Contains receptors for olfaction
Produces sound

Respiratory System: Conducting and Respiratory Zones
8 of them, starts with nose

Respiratory System: Respiratory Zone
3 of them

Skin, nasal bones, & cartilage lined with mucous membrane
Openings called external nares or nostril

Nose --Internal Structures
Divided into right and left sides by nasal septum

Nose -- Internal Structures
Anterior part is called ____ _______ , lined with few short hairs

Nose -- Internal Structure
Roof is made up of __________

Nose -- Internal Structure
Floor is _____ ________

Nose -- Internal Structures
What is located on the roof and upper lateral walls?

Nose -- Internal Structures
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with Goblet cells

Nose -- Internal Structures
Opening to pharynx

Nose -- Internal Structures
Contain conchae (turbinates)

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium withgoblet cells produce a moving mass of mucus

Functions of the Nasal Structures:
Olfactory epithelium

Functions of the Nasal Structures
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells lines nasal cavity (3 functions)

Functions of the Nasal Structures
Inhaled air is ____ and __________

Functions of the Nasal Structures
Conchae

Functions of the Nasal Structures
Paranasal sinuses open into nasal cavity
– found in ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal & maxillar

Muscular funnel-shaped tube
Extends from internal nares to laryn

These are the functions of the __________:
Passageway for food and air
Resonating chamber for speech production
Tonsil (lymphatic tissue) in the walls protects entryway into body

What are the 3 distinct regions of the pharynx?

What is it?
From internal nares to soft palate
– openings of auditory (Eustachian) tubes from middle ear cavity

What is it?
Passageway for air only– pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet

What is it?
From soft palate to epiglottis– fauces is opening from mouth into oropharynx

What is it?
Common passageway for food & air– stratified squamous epithelium

What is it?
Extends from epiglottis to esophagus
Common passageway for food & air; ends as esophagus inferiorly– stratified squamous epithelium

forms Adam’s apple

Leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage
– during swallowing, larynx moves upward

Bends to cover glottis

Ring of cartilage attached to top of trachea

What are the 3 cartilage pieces of the larynx?

Vocal cords (ventricular folds) found above

Vocal cords located below false vocal cord

What occurs during breathing and speech?

Modified sound made by the larynx

What is requred to resonate sound and make speech?

Form words

Controlled by tension on vocal folds

Produces higher pitch

vocal folds are thicker & longer so vibrate more slowly producing a lower pitch

Size is 5 in long & 1in diameter
Extends from larynx, anterior to the esophagus andsplits into bronchi (at about T5 vertebra)

What are the 2 layers of the trachea?

Trachea:
pseudostratified columnar with cilia & goblet

Trachea:
16 to 20 C-shaped rings
Open side facing esophagus contains trachealis m. (smooth)

Is anterior to the esophagus

Histology of the Trachea:
C-shaped structure closed by trachealis muscle

Splits to form primary bronchi and enter the lung at the hilus

supply each lung

Supply each lobe of the lungs (3 right + 2 left)

Supply each bronchopulmonary segment

Repeated branchings called __________ form a bronchial tree

Terminal bronchioles form the end of the _________ ______

Histology of Bronchial Tree:
Changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to nonciliated simple cuboidal as it passes deeper into lungs

Irregular plates of cartilage replaced by rings of ______ _______ & then __________ _______

Histology of Bronchial Tree:
Release epinephrinethat relaxes smooth muscle & dilates airways

Histology of Bronchial Tree
What do asthma attacks or allergic reactions do?

Histology of Bronchial Tree:
Inhale mist with chemicals that relax muscle & reduce thickness of mucus

covers lungs --- parietal pleura lines ribcage & covers upper surface of diaphragm

Is potential space between visceral and pleura membranes

Oblique & horizontal fissure in right lung results in ___ lobes

Oblique fissure only in left lung produces ___ lobes

Gross Anatomy of Lungs (4 parts)

Mediastinal Surface of Lungs:
Primary bronchi, blood vessels & airways enter lungs at _______

Forms root of lungs

Structures within the Respiratory Zone:

Cells Types of the Alveoli:
simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs

Cells Types of the Alveoli:
Secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant (reduce surface tension in the alveolus)

Cells Types of the Alveoli:
– wandering macrophages remove debris

Double Blood Supply to the Lungs:
Enters pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle

Double Blood Supply to the Lungs:
Carry deoxygenated blood to therespiratory zone for gaseous exchange

Double Blood Supply to the Lungs:
Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left ventricle of the heart

Double Blood Supply to the Lungs:
Branch from the aorta to supply oxygenated blood to lung tissue

Double Blood Supply to the Lungs:
From lung tissue returns to theheart in both bronchial veins and pulmonary veins

Systemic Circulation:
All systemic arteries branch from the _____

Drain into the superior or inferior vena cava or coronary sinus to return to the right-side of heart

Breathing or Pulmonary Ventilation:
Air moves into lungs when pressure inside lungs is ____ than atmospheric pressure

Breathing or Pulmonary Ventilation:
Air moves out of the lungs when pressure inside lungs is _______ than atmospheric pressure

As the size of closed container decreases, pressure inside is increased
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume

Dimensions of the Chest Cavity:
Contraction of intercostal muscles expands or contracts _________

Dimensions of the Chest Cavity:
Flattens the dome and increases thevertical dimension of the chest

Always subatmospheric (756 mm Hg, Atmospheric is 760 mmHg)

As diaphragm contracts volume ________ and intrathoracicpressure decreases even more (754 mm Hg)

Parietal & visceral pleura held close together but do not _______ (pleural fluid)

Controlled by neurons in pons & medulla

Role of the Respiratory Center:
What are the 3 groups of neurons?

Influences by ________:
Voluntarily alter breathing patterns
Limitations are buildup of CO2 & H+ in blood
Inspiratory center is stimulated by increase in either

Chemical Regulation of Respiration:
Respond to changes in H+ or pCO2
Hypercapnia = slight increase in pCO2 is noticed

Chemical Regulation of Respiration:
respond to changes in H+ , pO2 or PCO2
Aortic body---in wall of aorta
Carotid bodies--in walls of common carotid arteries

Smokers Lowered Respiratory Efficiency:
Constricts terminal bronchioles

Smokers Lowered Respiratory Efficiency:
in smoke binds to hemoglobin

Smokers Lowered Respiratory Efficiency:

Smokers Lowered Respiratory Efficiency:
in time destroys elastic fibers in lungs & leads to ________