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Supplies O2 & eliminates CO2
Contains receptors for olfaction
Produces sound
Respiratory System
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Respiratory System: Conducting and Respiratory Zones
8 of them, starts with nose
- Nose
- Pharynx = throat
- Larynx = voicebox
- Trachea = windpipe
- Lungs
- Bronchi = airways
- Bronchioles
- Ends at the terminal bronchioles
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Respiratory System: Respiratory Zone
3 of them
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts and sacs
- Alveoli
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Skin, nasal bones, & cartilage lined with mucous membrane
Openings called external nares or nostril
External Nasal Structures
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Nose --Internal Structures
Divided into right and left sides by nasal septum
Nasal cavity
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Nose -- Internal Structures
Anterior part is called ____ _______ , lined with few short hairs
nasal vestibule
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Nose -- Internal Structure
Roof is made up of __________
ethmoid
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Nose -- Internal Structure
Floor is _____ ________
hard palate
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Nose -- Internal Structures
What is located on the roof and upper lateral walls?
Olfactory epithelium
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Nose -- Internal Structures
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with Goblet cells
Muscous epithelium
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Nose -- Internal Structures
Opening to pharynx
Internal nares
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Nose -- Internal Structures
Contain conchae (turbinates)
Lateral walls
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Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium withgoblet cells produce a moving mass of mucus
Respiratory Epithelium
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Functions of the Nasal Structures:
Olfactory epithelium
sense of smell
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Functions of the Nasal Structures
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells lines nasal cavity (3 functions)
- Warms air due to high vascularity
- Mucous moistens air & traps dust
- Cilia move mucous towards pharynx
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Functions of the Nasal Structures
Inhaled air is ____ and __________
filtered and humidified
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Functions of the Nasal Structures
Conchae
Swirls and slow air (for warming)
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Functions of the Nasal Structures
Paranasal sinuses open into nasal cavity
– found in ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal & maxillar
Lighten skull & resonate voice
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Muscular funnel-shaped tube
Extends from internal nares to laryn
Pharynx
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These are the functions of the __________:
Passageway for food and air
Resonating chamber for speech production
Tonsil (lymphatic tissue) in the walls protects entryway into body
Pharynx
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What are the 3 distinct regions of the pharynx?
- 1. Nasopharynx
- 2. Oropharynx
- 3. Laryngopharynx
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What is it?
From internal nares to soft palate
– openings of auditory (Eustachian) tubes from middle ear cavity
Nasopharynx
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What is it?
Passageway for air only– pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet
Nasopharynx
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What is it?
From soft palate to epiglottis– fauces is opening from mouth into oropharynx
Oropharynx
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What is it?
Common passageway for food & air– stratified squamous epithelium
Oropharynx
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What is it?
Extends from epiglottis to esophagus
Common passageway for food & air; ends as esophagus inferiorly– stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx
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forms Adam’s apple
Thyroid cartilage
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Leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage
– during swallowing, larynx moves upward
Epiglottis
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Bends to cover glottis
Epiglottis
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Ring of cartilage attached to top of trachea
Cricoid cartilage
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What are the 3 cartilage pieces of the larynx?
- Thyroid Cartilage
- Epiglottis
- Cricoid cartilage
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Vocal cords (ventricular folds) found above
False vocal cords
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Vocal cords located below false vocal cord
True vocal cords
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What occurs during breathing and speech?
Opening and closing of the vocal folds
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Modified sound made by the larynx
Speech
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What is requred to resonate sound and make speech?
- Pharynx
- Mouth
- Nasal cavity
- Sinuses
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Form words
Tongue and lips
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Controlled by tension on vocal folds
Pitch
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Produces higher pitch
Vocal cords pulled tight
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vocal folds are thicker & longer so vibrate more slowly producing a lower pitch
male vocal cords
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Size is 5 in long & 1in diameter
Extends from larynx, anterior to the esophagus andsplits into bronchi (at about T5 vertebra)
Trachea
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What are the 2 layers of the trachea?
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Trachea:
pseudostratified columnar with cilia & goblet
Mucosa
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Trachea:
16 to 20 C-shaped rings
Open side facing esophagus contains trachealis m. (smooth)
Hyaline cartilage
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Is anterior to the esophagus
Trachea
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Histology of the Trachea:
C-shaped structure closed by trachealis muscle
Hyaline cartilage
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Splits to form primary bronchi and enter the lung at the hilus
Trachea
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supply each lung
Primary bronchi
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Supply each lobe of the lungs (3 right + 2 left)
Secondary bronchi
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Supply each bronchopulmonary segment
Tertiary bronchi
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Repeated branchings called __________ form a bronchial tree
bronchioles
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Terminal bronchioles form the end of the _________ ______
conducting portion
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Histology of Bronchial Tree:
Changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to nonciliated simple cuboidal as it passes deeper into lungs
Epithelium
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Irregular plates of cartilage replaced by rings of ______ _______ & then __________ _______
- smooth muscle
- connective tissue
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Histology of Bronchial Tree:
Release epinephrinethat relaxes smooth muscle & dilates airways
Sympathetic NS & Adrenal Gland
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Histology of Bronchial Tree
What do asthma attacks or allergic reactions do?
Constrict distal bronchiole smooth muscle
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Histology of Bronchial Tree:
Inhale mist with chemicals that relax muscle & reduce thickness of mucus
Nebulization therapy
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covers lungs --- parietal pleura lines ribcage & covers upper surface of diaphragm
Visceral pleura
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Is potential space between visceral and pleura membranes
Pleural cavity
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Oblique & horizontal fissure in right lung results in ___ lobes
3
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Oblique fissure only in left lung produces ___ lobes
2
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Gross Anatomy of Lungs (4 parts)
- Base
- Apex
- costal surface
- cardiac notch
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Mediastinal Surface of Lungs:
Primary bronchi, blood vessels & airways enter lungs at _______
hilus
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Forms root of lungs
Mediastinal surface of lungs
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Structures within the Respiratory Zone:
- 1. Capillary network
- 2. Respiratory bronchiole– simple squamous
- 3. Alveolar ducts
- 4. Alveolar sacs and individual alveoli– sac is 2 or more alveoli sharing a common opening
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Cells Types of the Alveoli:
simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs
Type I alveolar cells
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Cells Types of the Alveoli:
Secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant (reduce surface tension in the alveolus)
Type II alveolar cells (septal cells)
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Cells Types of the Alveoli:
– wandering macrophages remove debris
Alveolar dust cells
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Double Blood Supply to the Lungs:
Enters pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle
Deoxygenated blood
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Double Blood Supply to the Lungs:
Carry deoxygenated blood to therespiratory zone for gaseous exchange
Pulmonary arteries
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Double Blood Supply to the Lungs:
Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left ventricle of the heart
Pulmonary veins
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Double Blood Supply to the Lungs:
Branch from the aorta to supply oxygenated blood to lung tissue
Bronchial arteries
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Double Blood Supply to the Lungs:
From lung tissue returns to theheart in both bronchial veins and pulmonary veins
Deoxygenated blood
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Systemic Circulation:
All systemic arteries branch from the _____
aorta
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Drain into the superior or inferior vena cava or coronary sinus to return to the right-side of heart
All systemic veins
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Breathing or Pulmonary Ventilation:
Air moves into lungs when pressure inside lungs is ____ than atmospheric pressure
less
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Breathing or Pulmonary Ventilation:
Air moves out of the lungs when pressure inside lungs is _______ than atmospheric pressure
greater
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As the size of closed container decreases, pressure inside is increased
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
Boyle's Law
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Dimensions of the Chest Cavity:
Contraction of intercostal muscles expands or contracts _________
ribcage
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Dimensions of the Chest Cavity:
Flattens the dome and increases thevertical dimension of the chest
Contraction of the diaphragm
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Always subatmospheric (756 mm Hg, Atmospheric is 760 mmHg)
Pleural cavity
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As diaphragm contracts volume ________ and intrathoracicpressure decreases even more (754 mm Hg)
increases
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Parietal & visceral pleura held close together but do not _______ (pleural fluid)
stick
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Controlled by neurons in pons & medulla
Respiratory muscles
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Role of the Respiratory Center:
What are the 3 groups of neurons?
- 1. medullary rhythmicity (in medulla oblongata)
- 2. Pneumotaxic (inhibits inspiration, short breaths)
- 3. Apneustic centers (prolonged inspiration, long deep breaths)
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Influences by ________:
Voluntarily alter breathing patterns
Limitations are buildup of CO2 & H+ in blood
Inspiratory center is stimulated by increase in either
Cortical Influences
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Chemical Regulation of Respiration:
Respond to changes in H+ or pCO2
Hypercapnia = slight increase in pCO2 is noticed
Central chemoreceptors in medulla
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Chemical Regulation of Respiration:
respond to changes in H+ , pO2 or PCO2
Aortic body---in wall of aorta
Carotid bodies--in walls of common carotid arteries
Peripheral chemoreceptors
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Smokers Lowered Respiratory Efficiency:
Constricts terminal bronchioles
Nicotine
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Smokers Lowered Respiratory Efficiency:
in smoke binds to hemoglobin
Carbon monoxide
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Smokers Lowered Respiratory Efficiency:
in smoke cause excess mucus secretion
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Smokers Lowered Respiratory Efficiency:
in time destroys elastic fibers in lungs & leads to ________
emphysema
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