PSU ID PSYCH TEST_3.txt

This is defined as contact of the mouth with other objects.

The major types of mouthing are ____ and _____ mouthing.

Problematic mouthing occurs at _____ rates across settings.

The likelihood of mouthing is _________ depending on the individual's independence with leisure, mobility, and life skills.

Mouthing is part of human development from prior to ____ months of age to ___ years of age.

Infants with intellectual disabilities begin mouthing ______ compared to non-ID infants; between 12-36 months of age.

Theories of _________ include homeostasis, increased tactile sensitivity, and operant causes (escape & attention).

________ is defined as the presence of saliva outside the mouth.

Etiology of ________ has been associated with physical problems (cerebral palsy, dysphagia and poor posture), side effects of medication, mouthing behavior, or operant causes.

_________ is defined as excessive water or fluid intake.

Factors associated with __________ are polyuria (excessive urination), osmolality (increased body water concentration), and hyponatremia (dangerous decrease in body salt levels).

The prevalence of polydipsia in people with ID is __ - __%

Polydipsia has pathophysiology similar to _________, possibly related to problems in the thalamic brain region.

__________ is defined as chronic regurgitation, re-chewing, and swallowing food.

Rumination is involved in involuntary regurgitation or operant vomiting?

The prevalence of rumination is ____ - ____ % of children with severe or profound ID.

Etiologies of ___________ include sensory stimulation, attention, escape, and problems with eating behavior (too quickly, not chewing, etc.).

___________ is defined as the repeated eating of nonnutritive substances for at least 1 month.

________ is common in typically developing infants younger than 4 years of age.

The prevalence of pica in children living in the community is _________ %

__________ is the use of words in an uncommunicative manner.

__________ __________ is a normal part of language development but dissipates around 3 years of age.

____________ is classified as immediate or delayed.

Theories of __________ include a failure to acquire appropriate speech resulting in not knowing when or how to respond, escape, attention, self-instruction, and an imprecise form of communication.

The prevalence of echolalia is _______% in ID populations

Treatment for __________ includes Differential Reinforcement for appropriate speech, prompts and prompt fading, verbal reprimands, response cost, and treatment packages such as cue-pause-point

__________ ______________ are unintelligble sounds, words, phrases, or sentences which can result in a variety of negative effects.

Types of ________________ include perseverative or loud vocalizations, complaints, threats, taunting, teasing, and swearing.

Consequences of __________________ include aggression directed toward the individual and loss of school placement or employment.

___________ is one of the most prevalent aberrant (deviation from accepted norms) behavior in community settings.

______________ is often part of a response class that includes aggression and self-injury.

Treatment for Disruptive Vocalizations maintained by auditory stimulation = ______________

Treatment for Disruptive Vocalizations maintained by imitation = ____________

Treatment for Disruptive Vocalizations maintained by positive Reinforcement = ___________

Treatment for Disruptive Vocalizations maintained by negative reinforcement (escape) = _____*there are several*_________

_______________ are defined as a child's inability or refusal to eat or drink sufficient quantities to maintain nutritional status regardless of etiology.

A typically developing infant triples their weight in the _________ year and gains _ pounds per year for __-__ years.

children can start eating solid food by ________ years old.

Pediatricians are usually the first to identify this disorder:

Height/weight ratios are used to determine ___________

"___________" means having a height-weight ratio below the ____th percentile.

The primary causes of _________________ tend to be organic, such as: structural, metabolic, and GI abnormalities, mechanical obstructions, dysphagia, chronic illness, and GER.

Secondary causes of ___________________ are behavioral and include avoidance of pain or aversive stimuli associated with mealtimes, access to attention or tangibles, or skill deficits with feeding (swallowing, chewing, self-feeding).

Most cases of Feeding Disorder are a combination of ___________ and ______________ causes.

The prevalence of feeding disorders in children with ID is up to _______%

Feeding disorders are classified by food ________, food _______ by type/texture, and oral _____ ______.

Behaviors associated with ____________ are spitting food, hitting/throwing food and untesils, covering mouth, vomiting and tantrums.

Treatment for ______________ include reinforcement for food acceptance, non-removal of spoon, eliminating grazing, shaping types and textures, and ignoring tantrums.

Research demonstrates that behavioral treatment of feeding disorders are __________ for children.

A majority of parents found feeding disorder treatment ____________ and ________ to implement.

____________ is defined as repeated voiding of urine during day (diurnal) or night (nocturnal), into bed or clothes, whether involuntary or intentional.

_____________ is repeated passage of feces into places not appropriate for that purpose, whether involuntary or intentional.

To be diagnosed with enuresis, the behavior must occur ______ a month for children 5-6 years old and ____ per month for older children. Child MUST be at least __ years old.

To be diagnosed encopresis, the behavior must occur _____ per month or more for at least ____ months. Child MUST be at least __ years old.

Enuresis and encopresis do NOT involve the presense of_______________

Normal bladder control is established at ___ years old.

Normal bowel control is established at ___ years old.

The prevalence of Enuresis in Non-ID children: age 5: 7: 9: 12-14:

Cultural trends suggest that potty training is occuring ____ than in previous decades. Possible explanations include: increased ownership of washing machines, disposable diapers, parent schedules, and Dr. Spock style parenting.

The effects of _______________ include rashes, bed sores, constipation, urinary tract infection, bowel damages, soreness, negative care-giver-child interactions, and social avoidance.

In institutions, _____________ was associated with group size, ease of access to bathrooms, negative modeling, behavioral states, and passivity.

Medication, anxiety, and caffeine have been associated with _______________.

In treatment, fluid intake would be increased for __________. For __________, fluids would be restricted before bedtime.

An important part of _____________ is assessing and teaching dressing skills.

For treating _______________, a bell and bad device has been effective

The simplest form of toilet training is _______________

__________________________________ means having an individual practive the correct response ( an appropriate alt. behavior) multiple times upon occurrence of a mistake (or inappropropriate behavior).

______________ is useful when it is unclear if the misbehavior is a skill or motivational deficit.

positive practice is useful for _________ deficits because it reduces practice time, determines problems with the response performance, and allows emphasis on the correct response.

positive practice is useful for _________ deficits because it increases the likelihood of the correct response due to the adeded effort associated with the misbehavior, decreases carelessness, and emphasis on the correct behavior.

No reinforcement should be allowed during ___________

the duration of positive practice depends on the __________ and ________ severity of the misbehavior.

______________ is having an individual restore an environment to a better condition than prior to the occurence of the misbehavior.

___________ can teach a person responsibility, independence, and social restitution.

__________ guidance can be used if the individual is non-compliant.

The effectiveness of overcorrection is _____________ when it is a routine consequence for misbehavior.

_________ is defined as difficulties in initiating or maintaining sleep for at least a month which causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, and other important areas of functioning.

The prevalence of sleep problems in children with autism is _____-____ % (most likely on test)

______________ refers to normal daily activities that occur close to bedtime. Examples of poor ___________ include exercise, watching t.v. or playing on the computer.

__________________ disorder refers to child behavior problems at bedtime that result from failure of parents to set limits on the child's sleep and associated behaviors.

The human circadian rhythm is a __ hour cycle. Therefore, we follow external cues to "reset" our internal clocks. this is known as _______

__________________ disorder is characterized of a child needing some object (such as a pacifier) or activity (being rocked) in order to fall asleep.

Sleep __________ can lead to irritability, aggression, hyperactivity, attention deficits, memory problems, anxiety, depression, obsessions, headaches, fatigue, obesity, GI upset, enuresis, infections, motor problems, and delayed growth.

There are two types of sleep: _______ and _________. A person transitions back and forth from each state.

________ sleep is associated with dreaming and later in the sleep cycle;

_____________ are associated with Deep sleep in the 1st half of the night: piercing screams and intense fear

____________ are associated with early morning (In REM sleep) and arousal based on a frightening dream.

___________ extinction is widely researched and shown effective but can be difficult for parents to implement.

Establishing a healthy bedtime _______ is the first step in setting good sleep habits.