Micro Exam 3

organisms that routinely reside on the bodies surfaces, it's a balancing act

are relatively few microbes that are able ot and can inflict noticible damage; such as invading tissues or producing toxic substances.

The might normal be on our body and not hurt us but if they get the chance they will use the bodies fluid and tissues as a source of nutrients if a barrior on the body is breached.

both partners benefit from the relationship

one partner benefits while the other is unaffected

the parasite benefits at the expense of the host

are by symptoms that have a rapid onset but last only a short time (strep throat)

develop slowly and last for months or years (tuberculosis)

a latent infection are never completely eliminated, the microbe continues to exist in host tissues, often within host cells, for years without causing symptoms. It there is a decrease in immune response, the latent infection mat become reactivated and symptomatic.

is limited to a small area (like a boild caused by S. aureus)

is when the infectious agent is spread throughtout the body (measles)

the bacteria are circulating in the blood stream

an acute, life threatening illness caused by infectious agens or their products circulating in the bloodstream

objective evidence (you can see it) such as a rash, pus formation and swelling.

(its what percieved by the patient) such as pain and nausea

is the interval between the introduction of an organism to a susceptible host and the onset of illness

Early vague symptoms of disease sich as malaise and heachache.

follows the incubation period, during this period a person will experiance signs and symptoms of the disease.

as the illness subsides, it's the stage of recuperation and recovery from the disease

the degree of pathogenicity of an organism

when an organism is described as highly virulent is more likely to cause disease, particulary severe disease.

the methods that disease causing microbes use to invade the hosts defenses and then cause damage.

these are usually located at hte tips of pili, they are filamentous protein structures found on the surface of the cell, the can bind to mucous and colonize there

an iron binding molecule which compete with the hosts proteins; others are able to use the iron bound to the hosts proteins

non enzymatic production synthesize that clots plasma

degrades hyluronix acid, a component of host tissue that helps hold the cells together.

respitatory tract, gastrointestional tract and genitourinary tract

it's found in tears and saliva, this enzyme breaks down peptidoglycan so that the bacteria cell wall gets broken down and defensless.

found in mucous milk and saliva and some phagocytic cells, it's a iron binding protein that takes iron away from the microbe so it can;t create what is needed for them to grow.

• normal microbes can bind to receptors and attachment site found on our cells. This prevents pathogens from binding to these same receptors.
• normal microbes can take in nutrients, therfore making them less available for pathogens
• some normal microbes make substance that are toxic to the pathogenic bacteria.

platelets (which are derived from megakaryocytes) are involved in blood clotting

is the process where a cell takes in (and possibly) digests a small cell or particle. They release nictric oxide (NO) and free oxygen radials to help kill a cell

histamine causes blood vessels to become dilated and leaky (ie histamine makes it possible for fluid to escape blood vessels) this allows cells and molecules of the immune system to rush towards infected tissue.

help preform chemo taxis (brings the cell to a given location) and it;s a type of granulocyte that contains histamines which are involved in allergic responses

helps get rid of viral attacks (there is more detail about this one in the lecture)

helps the lymphocytes get going on the immunity

killling of target cells and inflammation response and cytotoxity of some tumor cells.(We have lecture on this so we need to know some details on this one)

basophil, neutrophil and eosinophil

macrophage and dendritic cell

B cell, T cell and a natural killer cell

contains granules that are filled with digestive enzymes, they are the most abundant type of granulocyte and they phagocytize bacteria and damaged cells. They are the first type of cell to leave the blood vessels to fight pathogens in a nerby infected tissue

type of granulocyte that contains histamines and is involved in allergic response

contains histamines and is involed with allergic reactions but is NOT classifies as a granulocyte

plays a role in elminating parasitic worms

takes in portions of baccteris and shows it off to the cells of the immune systems (in order to activate those cells)

phagocytize bacteria and damaged cells, they have toll like receptors (which only lipoplysaccarides, proteins on flagella, peptidoglycan and a unique DNA sequence to bacteria can bind to it)

this is what a phgocytes migrate towards an area that contains unwatned microbes. The migration can be triggered when phagocytes recieve cytokine signals from other white blood cells

is a molecule that can bind to the surface of a baceterial cell, therefore encouragingg a phagocyte to eat the bacterial cell. examples of opsomins are antibidies and complement proteins

after a phagocyte takes in a bacterium or forgein partical

after a bacterial cell (or foreign partical) is entrapped in a memmbrane. This while structure (the membrane the the trapped bacterium) is called a phagosome. phagosomes are found inside a phagocyte

a structure formed when a phagocyte lysosome fuses with its phagosome

is basically a bunch of digestive enzymes enclosed in a membrane. lysosomes are found in ohagocytes (as well as other cells in the body) phagocytes kill their ingested bacteria by fusing the lysosome with the phagosomes (which contains the bacterium) basically what this does is dump digestive enzymes all over the bacterium killing it

heat redness swelling and pain

is composed of dead white blood cells (mostly neutrophils) and dead bacteria

• fever rasies the bodiess temperature so the infecting microbes are no longer at optimal growth temp.
• rasing the temp helps activate phagocytes and enzymes that are involved in the immune response

Lymph is the portion of the blood that leaks out of blood vessels to bathe the body's tissues. The lymph fluid primarily contains white blood cells and antibodies. It may also contain foreign microbes (that will hopefully be destroyed by the white blood cells)

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, appendix and Peyer's pathches (located next to the small intestine)

are molecules that can be recognized by cells of the adaptive immune system. A antigen can recognize and bind to multiple types of antibodies or T cells. antigens attach to the variable region of an antibody molecule

the specific portion of a molecule that can be bound by a particular antibody or T cell. A single epitope can be regognized and bound to only one type of antibody or T cell

When one of those B or T cells recognizes and binds to a specific epitope

Whenever a B cell or T cell binds to it's specific epitope that B and t cell begins dividing to produce many clones of itself

are antibodies making factories, they make antibodies that can be secreted into the blood stream

stick around even after the infection with a pathogen has been cleared. IT the same pathogen is encountered sometime in the future, the memory cells quickly recognize it and become activated to prevent it from causing another infection.

antibodies can corral several antigens so that a phagocyte may come ingest them

anfter an antibody attaches to a pathogen it may attract phagocytes

when a antibody binds to a pathogen, it may prevent that pathogen from binding

turn on and off other cells of the immune system

destroy cells that are infected with viruses

cellf og out immune system can release messanger molecules that help activate or deactivate other cells of the immune system they are called the messenger molecules of the immune system

The arm of the immune system that involved T cells and all the things that occur after T cells recognize a pathogen)

the arm of the immune system that involves antibodies and all of the things taht occur afer the antibodies attach to a pathogen

It's the most abundant type of immunoglobulin found on mucous membranes and in secretions (saliva and tears) (looks like 2 Ys connected at the stems)

Plats a role in helping B cells mature (looks just like one Y)

Found on the surface of mast cells and basophils (allows mast cell and basophils to attach to antigens) (looks like a single Y)

• Capable of inititating the cloassical pathway complement activation
• Immunoglobulin that can most readily be transferred from mother to fetus (via placenta)
• Immunoglobulin that can circulate the longest before becoming degraded
• Most abundant type of immunoglobulin found in serum (looks like a single Y)

• Capable of initiating the classical pathway of complement activation
• immunoglobulin thats most effective at agglutinating antigens
• type of immunoglobulin that;s produced first when the immune system first encounters antigen (looks like a cluster fuck of Y's )

Passive immunity results when an individual is given antibodies that were made by another person/animal. This means that this individual would not have to wait for his own B cells to proved antibodies after being exposed to a pathogen.

Passive immunity lasts only as long as the injected antibodies last (antibodies like all proteins eventually break down) On the other hand, if the individual has active immunity, it means that he has B cells that are producing antibodies. As lons as the indivdual owns these B cells he will be protected against the corresponding pathogen

Bone marrow

Bone marrow thymus

where potentially dangerous B and T cells are eliminated suring development