Biology

Darwin said it was, "eveloution"

• All living things come form a common ancestor
• All liing things naturally changed over time into different species

• The earth is a sphere at the center of the universe
• All things have an unchanging idealized form

Complex molecules can spontaneously form from simple chemicals

• Biological Classification
• Anatomical similarities between organisms
• Useless traits in modern species
• Shared Developmental pathways
• DNA similarities
• Distibution of organisms on earth
• Fossil evidence

1835

Selection imposed by human choice?

• Common decent of all life
• Natural selection causes living things to change over time

Relative survival and reproduction of one individual

Traits that increase an individuals fitness in a particular environment

• Individuals within populations vary (ex. different fur)
• Some of the variation within individuals can be passed on to their offspring
• Populations of organisms produce more offspring than will survive
• Survival and reproduction are not random: individuals have different levels of fitness, and individuals with adaptations for a partibular environment are more likely to survive

The union of genetics and evolution

• Alleles are the basis of variation and traits
• Mutations can create new alleles and provide the basis for a new trait
• Natural selection provides a filter that selects for or against new phenotypes

• A change in allele frequancey in a population overtime
• or The change that occurs in the characteristics of organisms in a population over time

• it isn't an issue of organisms "wanting" to evolve
• selection can only act on variations that already exist in a population

• An adaptation that is beneficial in one situation might be a liability in another
• Adaptations are trade-offs between better fitness in one situation versus another situation

Natural selection favors variants with the most appropriate adaptations for current environment

• Directional selection: causes the poopulation to change
• Stabilizing Selection: Extreem variants in population stay the same
• Diversifying Selection: Casues evolution of population consisting of 2 or more variants

• Bacteria in population vary
• the variation among bacteria can be passed on to offspring
• More bacteria are produced than survived
• bacterial survival is not random

Things that can breed and make offspring

Living far away

Mating behaviors are different

Sex organs are invompateble in defferent organisms

Timing of readiness are different in species

Protiens on eggs only connect to 1 specie

The accumulation of differences between populations

Populations of a single species that have diverged from each other

When a single population diverges into many new species in a new isolated habitat such as distant isnland

Discribing and catagorizing living things

Studying the evolutionary history of living things

• Human
• Bonobo
• Common Chimpanzee
• Gorilla
• Orangutan
• Squirrel Monkey

• Foramen Magnum
• Pelvis
• Limbs Relative to body
• Feet

• spacial isolation
• behavirol
• mechanical
• temporal
• gamete incompatibility
• hybrid inviability
• hybrid sterilitly

When a single population diverges into many new species in a new isolated habitat such as distant islands

A change in allele frequancey that occurs due to change

Random change in allele frequency due to a small group establishing a new population

Random change in allele frequency due to a dramatic reduction in population size followed by a rapid increase in population size

Random change in allele frequency that is exacerbated by a small population size