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Benign
not cancerous, grows slower, normal cells
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metastatic
spreads to other areas of the body
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Blood spreads cancer, "iatrogenic"
punch biopsy
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Neoplasms
enlarged tissue (hard to detect until reaches 1cm)
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cancer
normal cells that grow rapidly and cut off blood supply, out of control and changes as it grows
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Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
identifies abnormal cells and rids them
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Retro viruses in HIV patients
Herpes Simplex, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Barketslymphoma, HepatitusB (HBV), HPV, HTLV, cervical cancer, laryngal cancer, adult t-cell leukemia
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Carcinogens
agends lead to cancer, drugs, hormones, radiation
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Classifications of cancer: Carcinomas
found in epithelial cells, skin cancer, GICA, lung cancer, common cancers
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Sarcomas
soft tissue affected, connective tissue, fat, nerves, cartilage muscle, bone
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Seminoma
seminal orgerm tissue
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Leukemia
blood cancer, white blood cells
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Blast Cells
more you have the more chance you will get cancer
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lymphoma
in lymph all over body
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60-69 yr.
High risk for cancer (high estrisk group)
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70-79 yr.
2nd highest risk group
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tumor in young
wilm's tumor- affects kidneys, leukemia, hochkins, lymphoma; most are factors from genetics
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tuomrs in adults
skin CA, lung CA, prostate CA (60-79 yr.), 3rd highest is colon and rectal CA
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increased risk for CA
more fat imtake
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most common CA in women
1st- lung CA, then breast CA, thyroid CA
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diet has impact on CA
big impact
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survival rate
40%, 5yrs. passed with no CA, linked to weak immune system
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factors controllable and noncontrolable
controllable- stress, diet, sun exposure, obesity, occupation,tobacco, alcohol, and drugs
noncontrollable- heredity, age, gender, poverty
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% of CA pt. are over 65 yrs
66%
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most common CA in men
bladder CA
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CA warning signs
abnormal growth, bleeding, fatigue, bowel or bladder habits, sudden weight loss, cough persistance, poor wound healing
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mammogram done at...
35 baseline, 40 yr. get yearly
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pap smear
done after 18 yr. every year
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screen for colon CA
at 50yr., every 3-5 years
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when to get sigmoidoscopy
at 50 yr., every 3-5 year
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prostate exam
at 50 yr., get yearly PSA
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tumor markers
biochemical markers that find the primary site
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CA 15-13
cancer antigen for breast cancer
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CA 125
nonspecific test for ovarian, liver, cervical, panceratic CA
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CA 19-9
panceratic CA, "hematobillary" CA
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CEA
increased if any type of tumor
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radiology test
x-ray, nuclear imaging, PET
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grading CA cells
cell development, differation by % of cell- the more differation easy to treat, rate of growth
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staging CA
size and extentof disease
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stage T, N, M, TO, TIS
- T- extent of tumor
- N- absence or presence of extent of nodes invovled
- M- metastatic cells
- TO- primary tumors
- TIS- tumor in "situe or siteo" encapsulated( contained)
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