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what are the four goals of psychology?
- Describe
- Control
- Understand
- Predict
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who is the "father of psychology"?
Wilhelm Wundt
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what is structuralism?
the analysis of of the structure of mental life broken down into elements or building blocks.
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who formed the idea of structuralism?
Edward titchener
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define functionalism:
the study of how the mind functions to help adapt to the environment.
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who theorized fuunctionalism?
William james.
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define stimulus:
any physical energy that that affects a person and evokes a response
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define introspection:
"looking forward"
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define behaviorism:
the study of observable behavior
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who believed that behavior can be controlled by reward and punishment?
skinner
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what is piaget's theory of cognamtive development?
- sensorimoter- 0 to 2 years
- preoperational- 2 to 7 years
- concrete reversal- 7-11 years
- deductive rerasoning- 11- up
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what are eriksons 8 stages?
- trust vs mistrust- birth to 1 year
- autonomy vs shame and doubt- 1-3 years
- initiative vs guuilt- 3-5 years
- industry vs inferiority- 5-11years
- indentity vs confusion- 11-20 years
- intimacy vs isolation-20-30 years
- generitivity vs stagnation-30-50 years
- integrity vs dispair- 50- up
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what are the stages of dying?
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
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what are 3 newborn reflexes?
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what are the three different parenting styles?
- Authoritarian- too strict.
- overly permissive- too lenient.
- authoritative- firm consistant guidance.
- uninvolved.
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what does the visual cliff experiment measure?
depth perception.
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list the steps of change?
- precontemplative
- contemplative
- preperation
- action
- maintainance
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what is are the steps in the scientific method?
- 1) make an observation
- 2) define problem
- 3) form hypothesis
- 4) gather evidence
- 5) publish results
- 6) theory building
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which sleep disorder renders a person unable to sleep for extended periods of time?
insomnia
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which sleep disorder causes excessive sleepiness and frequent daytime sleep attacks?
narcolepsy
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what is the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism?
detoxification
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list 4 types of downeers:
- Barbiturates
- GHB
- Tranquilizers
- Alcohol
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list 5 types of uppers:
- Amphetamines
- Cocaine
- MDMA
- Caffeine
- Nicotine
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what are the 5 positions in a dysfunctional family?
- 1. user
- 2. co-dependant
- 3. first born- hero, fixer, perfectionist
- 4. second born- brat or scapegoat
- 5. third born- lost child
- 6. fourth born- mascot, clown, entertainer
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what are the legal requirements of a DUI?
- BAL of .08 or higher
- within 25 feet of a vehicle while intoxicated
- walking in public while intoxicated
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what is the legal BAL?
- normally .08
- in florida .02
- florida is a no tolerance state
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what is classical conditioning?
- learning an association between an action and a stimulus.
- example, pavlovs dogs.
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what is operant conditioning?
forming an association between a behavior and a consequence
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define extinction:
the removal of conditioning causes a conditioned response to disapear.
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what isthe name of the box designed to teach operant or classical conditioning by rewarding the subject after an action has taken place either once or after a set or random number of times?
the skinner box
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when is a reinforcement most effective?
- rapidly following the correct response.
- about a 50 second delay.
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what are the 7 rules of punishment?
- 1) apply punishment during or immediatly after misbehavior
- 2) be consistant
- 3) use minimum punishment possible
- 4) avoid harsh punishment
- 5) dont rely exclusively on punishment
- 6) use kindness and respect
- 7) allow the punished person to retain self-respect.
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why are video games an effective conditioning tool?
they supply constant and frequent feedback.
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what is long term memory?
long term memory stores everything you know about the world,things that are meaningful, and saves important information.
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what is short term memory?
holds information for a short period of time.
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what is chunking?
- breaking up long chains into smaller parts to make it easier to memorize.
- example: phone numbers.
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what is "tip-of-the-tongue"?
information available, but not able to recall.
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define recall:
the direct retraival of facts.
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define explicit memory:
a past experiance that is consiously brought to mind
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define implicit memories:
- memories that lie outside of awareness
- example: keys on a keyboard.
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what is the curve of forgetting?
the amount of information available after varied amounts of time; as time passes more information is lost.
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what is the transfer of learning?
the transfer of learning in one context to another context that share similar characteristics
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what are flash bulb memories?
a memory created in great detail during a personally significant event. These memories are perceived to have a "photographic" quality
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what are some keys of improving memory?
- feedback
- recitation
- rehearsal
- selection
- organization
- analysis
- serial position
- cues
- overlearning
- spaced practice
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what are Mnemonics?
- shortening long sentences into one letter for every word until it forms one big word.
- Example, ROY G. BIV, HOMES, Eddie Ate Dynamite, Good Bye Eddie.
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