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A system of economic organization, based on market competition, under which the means of production, distribution, and exchange are privately owned and directed by individuals and corporations

A social and political ideology advocating that authority and property be vested in the community, each member working for the common benefit according to capacity and receiving according to needs

The breaking down of traditional boundaries in the face of increasingly supranational trends in finance, communication, and cultural exchange

Leader of the Indian National Congress and first Prime Minister of independent India (1947 – 1964)

A free association of countries, consisting of the United Kingdom and mostly former members of the British empire, united by cultural bonds and a recognition of the British monarch

A grouping of 110 countries and liberation movements asserting their neutrality in the Cold War rivalry between the US and the USSR (1961)

Vietnamese nationalist leader in conflicts with Japanese, French, and American forces; first president of independent, communist North Vietnam (1954 – 1969)

British commitment to the creation of a national homeland for Jewish people (1917)

A political and cultural movement promoting pride in the great traditions of pre-colonial Africa

Ghanaian statesman, first Prime Minister (1957 – 1960) and first President (1960 – 1966) of newly-independent Ghana (former British colony, Gold Coast)

Militant nationalist movement in Kenya; anti-Christian and anti-British Kikuyu guerilla fighters (1952 – Kenyan independence in 1963)

Jomo Kenyatta

Seized power in a military coup against the newly-independent government of Congo (1965); President of Democratic Republic of Congo (1970 – 1997)

Forced industrialization of China by means of collectivizing land and businesses; induced famine, killing 20 million (1958 – 1961)

Chinese intellectuals and professionals beaten and killed by Red Guard; mass arrests and deportation to labor camps for “re-education” (1966 – 1976)

Successor to Mao as leader of China (1981 – 1997); reversed Cultural Revolution policies and guided China’s re-entry into the global financial and trade markets

Site of brutal suppression of Chinese students, demonstrating for American-style democratic reforms in China (1989)

Egyptian President (1970 – 1981) who reversed Nasser’s pro-Soviet, anti-Israel policies; assassinated by jihadists

Leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1968 to his death in2004

Rejection of European and American models of economic development and political and social norms; promotion of Muslim identity, values, legal systems, and political power

The right and duty to defend Islam and the Islamic community from unjust attack

Autocratic ruler of Iran, installed by the CIA in 1953; overthrown by Islamist revolution in 1979

Leader of the Iranian Revolution (1979); theocratic ruler of Iran (1979 – 1989)

Founded in 1944 in Bretton Woods, NH, to stabilize exchange rates and to promote world economic growth through free trade markets and loans to member nations

Forum for settling international trade disputes and eliminating tariffs that restrict free trade

Cartel of major oil-producing nations that sets prices and establishes annual production quotas for its members

Established the European Union in 1993