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The only source of information about contemporary European art and science allowed by Tokugawa authorities after 1639

Spanish Jesuit missionary to Portuguese India and Japan (1549 – 1552)

Form of drama involving highly-skilled teams of three puppeteers, accompanied by chanters and musicians

Form of drama developed in Tokugawa period: stylized acting, singing, and dancing

“Floating worlds” within Tokugawa cities where sophisticated entertainment and refined pleasures could be purchased

Military elite of pre-industrial Japan

“Great names” of aristocratic Japanese clans that controlled vast territories and opposed the central authority of the shogunate

“Military governors” who ruled Japan in place of figurehead emperors from 1192 to 1868

Italian Jesuit missionary to China (1588 – 1610) who attempted to reconcile Confucian and Christian doctrines

Zhu Xi’s synthesis of traditional Chinese ethics and the logical rigor of Buddhism

The duties owed by children to their fathers and subjects to their emperor

Ritual submission to the Chinese emperor: three kneelings, nine head knockings

Chinese title of the human being designated by supernatural powers to maintain order on earth

Male hairstyle enforced by Manchu emperors with death penalty: front of head shaved above the temples; long hair in back braided into a ponytail

Manchu government of China; last emperors of imperial China (1644 – 1911)

Ming emperor (1403 – 1424) who commissioned naval expeditions to Southwest Asia and East Africa

Fortified barrier against nomadic tribes of North China and Mongolia, constructed during Ming dynasty

Restoration of native imperial rule to China (1398 – 1644)

Mongol overlords of China (1279 – 1368)