Biology Lecture 17

  1. What is population and what does it suggest?
    • Individuals of the same species in a given area at a given time
    • Suggests that space and time are importatnt components
  2. What are 5 attributes of population?
    • Size - numbers (rarity, commonness)
    • Density - distribution in space (per unit area or volume)
    • Change in size over time ( increases/decreases in numbers, range)
    • Age structure
    • Genetic structure
  3. What is range?
    Overall Distributions in space - areal extent of a population or species
  4. Name a species whoes range has expanded?
    Zebra mussels
  5. What do transplant experiments test? (2 things)
    • wehter a popluation
    • 1. never disperse there
    • 2. Can't survive there
  6. What are 3 patterns which populations are distributed within their ranges?
    • Clumped or aggregated
    • Random
    • Evenly or overdispersed
  7. What are the hypotheses for the distribution patterns?
    Clumped?
    Random?
    Even?
    • Clumped - resources clumped, social interactions, limited dispersal from parents
    • Random - random dispersal, resources
    • Even - Resources even, territorial interactions, competition
  8. What is the definition and process of a random distribution?
    • An individual has an equal probablitlity of occurring anywhere in an area
    • netral interations between individuals and between individuals and local environment
  9. What is the definition and process of regular distribution pattern?
    • Individuals are uniformly spaced through the environment
    • Antagonistic interactions between individuals or local depletion of resources - territoriality, competition, allelopathy
  10. What is the definition and process for a clumped distribution?
    • Individuals live in areas of high local abundance, which are separated by areas of low abundance
    • Attraction between individuals or attraction of individuals to a common resource - sociality, resource clumping
  11. How can the distribution of creosote bushes change through time? (3 steps)
    • 1. Small shrubs establish in high densities and produce a cclumped distribution
    • 2. Mortality as the shrubs grow reduces clumping and produces a random distribution amond medium shrubs
    • 3. Competition enforces a regular distribution among large shrubs
  12. How are body size and population size related?
    • Because larger body size requires more resources such as food, space, etc. Then we expect that body size and population size should be negatively correlated
    • Regressions of body size and population density of plants and animals support this prediction.
  13. Who should know how population numbers change over time?
    Economists, planners, farmers, insurance companies, school boards
  14. what is the basis for population growth?
    species interactions, evolution, etc.
  15. What processes affect population size? ( 3 things)
    • 1 Birth rates +
    • 2. Death rates -
    • 3. Immigration + , Emigration -
  16. What is r in a population equation?
    (birth rate - death rate) or (b-d)
  17. What is N in a population equation?
    population size
  18. What is the equation for exponential growth?
    • dN/dt = rN
    • Or the change in numbers (dN) over time (dt) is equal to the growth rate (r) times the number of individuals (N)
  19. What is dN in the equation dN/dt?
    Change in number
  20. What is dt in the equation dN/dt?
    Change in time
  21. What 3 things prvents continued exponential growth?
    • External ( density independent factors)
    • - weather, huricanes, floods, drought etc.
    • - catastrophic events
    • Self regulation (density dependent factors)
    • - Resources becoming limiting ( competition)
    • - Toxic build - up
    • Interactions with other species (density dependent factors)
    • - disease
    • - predation
  22. What is K in a population equation?
    Carrying capacity of environment.
  23. Explain the logistic or S - shaped growth?
    • begining of time b>d, r>0
    • Middle of time = maximum exponential growth
    • end of time Growth rate slows (b + d) or (r =0)
  24. What is another way to put dN/dt
    r((K - N) / K)N or (1 - N/K)
  25. What is ((K - N) / K)?
    a term that slows growth as N approaches K, the carrying capacity or is equivalent to a competition term
  26. What is intraspecific competition?
    • The effect of individuals in a population on other individuals ( instantaneous effect )
    • Acts to decrease birth rate or increase death rate
  27. What is intraspecific competition in the logistic equation?
    ((K - N) / N) or (1 - N/K)
  28. What shape does a density dependent graph have?
    Logistic curve
  29. What shape is a populaaion graph that is density independent?
    Exponential growth
  30. What are 5 population features?
    • range
    • numbers
    • density
    • age
    • genetic structure
  31. Growth of populations in ideal environments can be described with what growth model?
    exponential growth model
  32. What growth model shows a population in a limiting environment?
    a logistic growth model
Author
Calawabunga
ID
114918
Card Set
Biology Lecture 17
Description
Biology Lecture 17 on populations
Updated