Exam 2 Chapter 5

fungi, protists (protozoans and algae) and helminth worms.

Eucaryotic cells are large complex cells with membrane-bound enclosed organells and a nucleus.

• 1. Flagella
• 2.Cilia
• 3. Glycocalyx

• 1. Common in protozoans and some algae
• 2. Long, sheathed cylinder covered by extension of cell membrane.
• 3. Move with a whiplike function using the 9+2 arrangement of microtubules.
• 4. Can push forward or pull back.

• 1. Similar structure as flagella because they have 9+2 arrangement. They are shorter and more numerous than flagella.
• 2. found only in Ciliophora protozoans and certain animal cells.

• 1. Glyco means carbohydrate.
• 2. Are found in most cells.
• 3. Made of polysaccharides.
• 4. Used for protection, adherence, reception of chemical signals and prevents water loss.

• 1. Cell wall
• 2. Cell membrane

• 1. Occur in fungi, most algae but not in protozoans, animals and a few algae.
• 2. Varied compostion.
• Fungi- made of chitin
• Algae- made of cellulose, pectin, mannans

• 1. Every cell has a cell membrane
• 2. Is a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded
• 3. Proteins embedded are called Sterols which help provide extra support to cells.
• 4. Have a semipermeable membrane that controls transport of what comes in and goes out of cell.
• 5. In cells without cell wall they help with the shape and support for the cell.
• 6. Has fewer functions in eucaryotic cells than in procaryotic cells (procaryotic cells have more functions.)

• 1. A type of lipid that help provide extra support to cells.
• 2. Cholesterol- found in animal cells and protozoa
• 3. Ergosterol- found in fungi
• 4. Phytosterol-found in algae and some plants

• 1. Cytoplasm
• 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• 3. Golgi apparatus
• 4. Vesicles
• 5. Lysosome
• 6. Mitochondria
• 7. Chloroplasts
• 8. Cytoskeleton
• 9. Ribosomes
• 10. Nucleus

A organelle is a membrane enclosed stuctures with a function in the cell.

Everything inside the cell membrane except the nucleus.

Series of tunnels within cell used in synthesis, processing, transport and storage of macromolecules.

• 1. Carbohydrates
• 2. proteins
• 3. lipids
• 4. nuclaic acids

Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and smooth ER has no Ribosomes.

• 1. Flattened discs that are associated with endoplasmic reticulum
• 2. Does the final processing of proteins, carbs and lipids
• 3. Packaging and shipping, called the "UPS of Cell"

• 1. Rough ER
• 2. Smooth ER
• 3. Golgi apparatus

Transport and storage of materials

• 1. Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus
• 2. Intracellular digestion and protection from invaders

Energy center- ATP production

• 1. In algae
• 2. Photosynthesis

• 1. Support network
• 2. Anchor organells, provide suppport, shape changes and movement using microtilaments and microtubules.

• 1. Peptide and protein production
• 2. Incomplete protein chain
• 3. In 2 parts- larger than procaryotic cells

• 1. Surrounded by nuclear membrane
• 2. Two membranes with pores
• 3. Nucleolus-RNA synthesis
• 4. Chromosomes-DNA plus proteins

Whiplike movement that can push forward or pull back.

Sexual reproduction having a sexual act to reproduce. Asexual reproduction is not having to have a sexually act to reproduce.

• A true pathogen are pathogens that can make healthy people sick.
• Opportunistic pathogens make immune suppressed people sick.

• 1. 100,000 species
• 2. All heterotrophic (other feeder)
• 3. All have cell walls
• 4. Non-motile
• 5. Most saprobes (decompose dead things)
• 6. Few parasites- very few require living host
• 7. Macroscopic-mushrooms and puffballs
• 8. Microscopic- molds and yeasts

• 1. Unicellular
• 2. Round to oval shape cells

• 1. Hyphae form
• 2. Long threadlike cells
• 3. Filamentous

Septate are like sidewalks(have a break between each square. Non-spetate have no breaks between each cell.

• Both use asexual reproduction. Molds use both.
• Yeasts- budding which is small cell growing off another cell. Mitosis of nucleus.
• Molds- More common use asexual spores but also have sexual spores.

• 1. "Fungal rot"- brings in nutrients for plants.
• 2. Penicillin comes from the mold Penicillium
• 3. Blue cheese, bread, alcohol.

• 1. Include both algae and protozoa
• 2. Generally unicellular or colonial lacking a true tissues.
• 3. Too simple to be plants or animals

Kingdom Protista

• 1. All photosynthetic.
• 2. Unicellular
• 3. Colonial and filamentous
• 4. Some motile
• 5. Most have cell walls but some don't.

• 1. Plankton, aquatic food web, oxygen is produced by algae.
• 2. Diatoms- "diatomacelus earth" used to make road signs the sparkle.
• 3. Algae make agar, sushi, oils-biodiesel.

• Red tides are an overgrowth of algae that turns the lakes red. It is toxic to fish and humans.
• Caused by dinoflagellates-ALGAE

• 1. Most are uicellular
• 2. No chloroplasts
• 3. Many motile
• 4. No cell wall
• 5. Heterotrophic (eats of others)
• 6. Most free-living
• 7. Parasites live on fluids of host
• 8. Wide variety of habitats
• 9. Some cyst forming which are a survival function.
• 10. Asexual reproduction common but sexual reproduction also used.

• 1. Pseudopods (false feet)
• 2. Flagella
• 3. Cilia

the stages that protozoa can be in. the trophozoite stage is the actively growing, feeding, reproducing and moving stage. The cyst stage is the survival stage.