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APK Exam3 Ch14

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  1. Force exerted by blood
    Pressure
  2. Flow =
    Pressure gradient / resistance (Chg P/R)
  3. Compare flow, pressure gradient, and resistance of systemic system vs pulmonary system (which is greater)
    • Flow: equal
    • Pressure gradient: systemic greater
    • Resistance: systemic greater
  4. What 3 factors affect vessel resistance?
    Radius of vessel, length of vessel, viscosity of fluid
  5. Which has greater resistance? Short or long vessels? Thicker or thinner vessels? Thick or thin blood viscosity?
    • Longer vessels
    • Thinner vessels
    • Thick viscosity
  6. What affects blood viscosity?
    Amt of red blood cells & proteins in blood
  7. Combined resistance of all blood vessels within the systemic circuit
    Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
  8. What are the effects of vasodilation and vasoconstriction on TPR and flow?
    • Vasodilation --> decrease resistance --> increase flow
    • Vasoconstriction --> increase resistance --> decrease flow
  9. Cardiac Output =
    MAP / TPR
  10. What type of cells line inner layer of all blood vessels?
    Endothelial cells
  11. What kind of muscle is in the walls of some blood vessels? What are the other 2 types of tissues in bv walls?
    • Smooth muscle
    • Fibrous connective tissue (collagen)
    • Elastic connective tissue (elastin)
  12. Arteries or veins thicker walls?
    Arteries
  13. What makes blood vessels walls more stiff?
    Fibrous connective tissue (collagen)
  14. What type of vessels have largest diameter and which have thickest walls?
    • Largest diameter: veins
    • Thickest walls: arteries
  15. Is the resistance in arteries high or low? How compliant are arteries? Does blood pressure change much
    in the arteries?
    • high; low compliance;
    • yes; small increase in blood volume causes lrg increase in pressure
  16. Which blood vessels contain smooth
    muscle?
    Arterioles
  17. Which vessels have largest change (drop) in pressure?
    Arterioles
  18. Which vessels have greatest resistance to blood flow
    arterioles
  19. Vessels which contain rings of smooth muscle to regulate radius (resistance)
    arterioles
  20. What component of the arterial wall allows them to act as pressure reservoir?
    aortic valve
  21. Is resistance in the arterioles a major component of TPR? Does the blood pressure change appreciably when blood flows through the arterioles?
    • yes, 60% of total TPR
    • yes, largest pressure drop in the vasculature
  22. What are the functions of radius changes of the
    arterioles affect resistance? (vasoconstriction & vasodilation)
    • Controls flow to individual capillary beds so can regulated flow to organs based on need
    • Regulats mean arterial pressure which maintains homeostasis
  23. How do changes in metabolic activity affect arteriole radius?
    • Increased metabolism --> vasodilation
    • Decreased metabolism --> vasoconstriction
    • If nutrients aren't needed, vasoconstriction so flow is redistributed to where it's needed
  24. Blood flow increases during exercise. Does it increase to all organs evenly? Do all organs see an increase?
    No; increase in cardiac output causes flow to skeletal muscles & less flow to organs
  25. How does the sympathetic nervous
    system control arteriole radius? What does sympathetic activity cause? How does this change TPR? MAP?
    Smmoth muscle of arterioles are innervated; these nerves get stimulated by sympathetic nervous system, causing vasoconstriction --> increased TPR --> increased MAP
  26. Which hormones affect arteriole radius? What do they cause?
    • Epinephrine
    • Vasopressin (ADH): minimizes water loss
    • Angiotensin II: this & ADH cause vasoconstriction which increases TPR
  27. Does blood flow quickly through capillaries?
    What purpose does this speed of flow serve?
    flow is slow w/one cell layer thick walls, which increases xchg of nutrients, gases, & gets rid of wastes
  28. How do most substances move from in a capillary to out of a capillary? How to proteins move?
    • diffusion
    • transcytosis (in cell one side, out the other side)
  29. Rings of smooth muscle that surround capillaries on the arteriole end & contract and relax in response to local factors only; when contract, cause capillary constriction, decreasing flow
    Precapillary Sphincters
  30. Directly connect arterioles to venules but are larger than capillaries
    Metarterioles
  31. Connects capillaries to veins and are smaller than arterioles
    Venules
  32. Do venules contribute much to control of TPR?
    No b/c very little smooth muscle in walls, so lil control of pressure
  33. Do veins have thick walls? Do they have any smooth muscle?
    No, but do have some smooth muscle in walls, so some control of radius
  34. What do valves of veins do & which ones have them?
    Peripheral veins have valves for flow in one direction; but not in central veines
  35. What blood vessel type contains the most blood?
    Veins
  36. Are veins compliant?
    yes, expand w/little chg in pressure
  37. What 4 factors influence how much blood is returned to the heart?
    • Skeletal muscle pump
    • Respiratory pump
    • Blood volume
    • Venomotor tone
  38. How does the skeletal muscle pump work?
    Via one-way valves in peripheral veins
  39. How does the respiratory pump work?
    Pressure on veins in abdominal cavity during inspiration pushes blood to return to the heart (also decreased pressure in the thoracic cavity)
  40. How do increases & decreases in blood volume affect venous return?
    • Increased blood volume --> increased venous pressure
    • Decreased bv --> dec venous pressure
    • Long-term reuglation of bp is through regulation of blood volume
  41. Smooth muscle tension in the veins
    Venomotor tone
  42. What causes an increase in venomotor tone?
    Sympathetic nervous system & norepinephrine stimulates contraction of smooth muscle, constricting veins
  43. An increase in venomotor tone causes ___ (inc or dec) in venous return
    increase
  44. What is a MAP less than normal called? Higher than normal?
    • hypotension
    • hypertension
  45. Driving force for blood flow which is critical for normal functioning
    MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure)
  46. HR x SV x TPR =
    MAP
  47. How is MAP regulated in the short term? Long term?
    (regulates ____, involves ____, primarily via ___)
    • Short: regulates CO & TPR, involves heart & vessels, primarily via neural control
    • Long: regulates BV, involves kidneys, primarily via hormonal control
  48. What do baroreceptors sense? Where
    are they located? How does their firing rate (rate of action potentials) relate to blood pressure?
    • Pressure changes
    • Aortic arch & carotid sinuses
    • Increased firing rate causes increased bp
  49. What is the baroreceptor reflex?
    What does it do? What kind of feedback loop is it?
    • provides a negative feedback loop in which an elevated blood pressure reflexively causes heart rate to decrease therefore causing blood pressure to decrease;
    • quickly compensates for chgs in bp & long term, regulates through renal regulation of BV via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  50. How does the body respond to hemorrhage (large blood loss)?
    Decreases SV, CO, & MAP (HR, TPR don't chg) and decreases flow to GI tract & sends to brain instead
  51. What are chemoreceptor reflexes?
    What is their primary function?
    Respond to increase in CO2 in blood & regulate CO2 levels
  52. Epinephrine, vasopressin (ADH), and angiotensin II are all ____ and they increase ___ and ____
    • vasoconstrictures
    • TPR, MAP
Author
bkheath
ID
114755
Card Set
APK Exam3 Ch14
Description
APK Exam3 Ch14 Blood Vessels and BP
Updated
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