Electrolytes and renal function

What is the small cone-shaped structure that regulates homeostasis, thirst, hunger, body temperature, water balance and blood pressure?

An adrenocortical insufficiency that results in low levels of adrenal corticosteroid hormones, including aldosterone and cortisol.

In what disease do patients display hyperkalemia and hyponatremia due to aldosterone deficency?

This syndrome is caused by an increased production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and characterized by obesity and week muscles.

A property of a solution that is influenced by size and shape of the molecules, but not the individual composition.

What are some colligative properties?

Average water content is ______ of total body weigt.

Water content declines in:

Why do women have a lower average water content than men?

all of the following are functions of what?
-transport nutrients to cells
-determine cell volume
-remove waste products by way of urine
-act as body coolant by way of sweating

Intracellular fluid (ICF) account for how much of total body water?

extracellular fluid (ECF) accounts for how much of total body water?

how is the interior of each cell separated from the ECF?

how is extracellular fluid subdivided?

what ECF contains 93% water and 7% lipids and proteins?

what ECF surrounds the cells in the tissues?

This type of movement requires ATP, solute mover from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.

Passive transport of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration that eventually results in an equal distribution of solutes within the two areas.

Passive movement of fluid across a membrane from an area of lower solute concentration and comparatively more fluid into an area of higher solute concentration and comparatively less fluid. when does it stop?

what is the average glomerular filtration rate?
it leads to the production of how much urine?

if the body loses even _____ of its fluid the kidneys reabsorb more water than solute.

What does ATP stand for?

Where is ADH produced?

where is ADH stored and released?

ADH regulates the body's reabsorption of what?

what is the process that the renin-angiotensin-aldestorone system uses to regulate the reabsorption of Na and water?

This is produced as a result of renin-angiotensin mechanism and regulates the absorption of H20 and Na.

What is the cardiac hormone released when atrial pressure increases?

what are the four ways atrial natriuretic peptide decreases ADH?

Physical property of a solution, which is based on the concentration of solutes, expressed as millimoles per kilograms of solvent.

What are the two ways to measure osmolality in the laboratory?

what are the two ways the body corrects increased osmolality?

What is another name for ADH?

Disorder characterized by a deficiency of ADH that results in hypernatremia and dehydration.

Normal plasma osmolality

Sodium and it's associated anions account for approx ______ of osmotic activity in plasma.

How are osmolality regulation and volume regulation related?

how does excess water intake affect osmolaity and ADH?

what is the clinical significance of excess water intake?

what are the effects of water deficit on osmolality and ADH?

what is the clinical significance of water deficit

why is plasma not recommended for measuring osmolality?

what is urine osmolality used to measure?

Serum osmolality is used as a comparison for what?

What is used to standardize osmometers (QC)?

true or false
freezing point is a colligative property
True False

what is the formula for calculated osmo?

The difference between the measured and calculated osmolality is called what?

Ions capable of electrical charge are what?

positively charged ions

negatively charged ions

Elecrolytes differ in concentration but totals balance to achieve a neutral electrical charge.

what are some extracellular ions?

what are some intracellular ions?

this is the principle extracellular cation that accounts for 90% of all extracellualr cations.

what is the primary function of Na

what percent of filtered sodium is reabsorbed in the PCT?

what is the recommended daily consumption of salt?

What is the renal threshold of Na?

what is the hormone which regulates renal reabsorption of sodium?

This disorder is characterized by a hypersecretion of aldosterone.

what are the three important processes of regulating Na?

Na reference ranges for
Serum, Plasma:
Urine (24hr):
CSF:

Hyponatremia becomes clinically significant below what level of sodium?

A deficiency of sodium in the blood below 135 mmol/L

what are the four causes of Hyponatremia?

how is addisons disease involved in hyponatremia?

an abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid in the body with a sodium loss in excess of water loss.

how treatment of hyponatremia is directed?

in hypovolemic hyponatremia with a urine Na >20mmol/day what is occurring? why

An increased volume of circulating fluids in the body with a sodium loss in excess of water loss is what?

Hypervolemic hyponatremia is nearly always a problem of what?

hypervolemic hyponatremia with a urine sodium >20mmol/day indicates what?

hypervolemic hyponatremia with a urine sodium <20 mmol/day indicates what?

increased serum sodium concentration >150mmol/L is called what?

Inability to reabsorb water in patients of ______ my result in hypernatremia.

what are some laboratory findings associated with Hypernatremia?

treatment for hypernatremia is directed at what?

Principal/major intracellular cation
20x greater inside the RBC than in ECF
only 2% circulates in plasma
exhibits no renal threshold

this electrolyte is invloved in:
regulation of neuromuscular excitability
contraction of the heart
ICF volume
hydrogen ion concentration

forearm exercise during venipuncture can cause what to become erroneously high?

what is the relationship between Na and K under the influence of aldosterone?

reference range for potassium for:
Plasma/serum:
Urine (24hr):

Plasma K concentration below the lower limit of the reference range is called what?

Causes of hypokalemia

why are K levels below 3 mmol/L a concern for patients with cardiovascular disorders?

Potassium concentration above the upper limit of the reference range is called what?

cellular shift due to acidosis, muscle/cellular injury, chemotherapy, lukemia and hemolysis may be causes of what?

what could cause an artificial increase in plasma K (hyperkalemia)?

what symptom of hyperkalemia does not devlop until plasma K reaches 8 mmol/L?

what treatment for hyperkalemia can provide an immediate but short-lived protection?

what is the extracellular anion that shifts secondarily to the movement of sodium or bicarbonate ions?

what are the functions of chloride?

the regulation of what anion is passively related to Na levels?

Reference Ranges for chloride
Plasma/serum:
Urine (24hr):

disorders of this anion are often a result of the same causes that disturb Na levels because it passively follows Na.

An abnormally diminished level of chloride in the blood.

this electrolyte may be seen in conditions associated with high serum bicarbonate concentrations such as compensated respiratory acidosis or metabolic alkalosis.

an abnormally high level or chloride in the blood.

This may occur when there is an excess loss of bicarbonate ion due to GI losses, renal tubular acidosis, and metabolic acidosis.

This is an autosomal, recessively inherited diseases of infants and children that causes obstruction of the exocrine glands, mucous glands, and pancreas.

In Cystic Fibrosis more than 98% of affected infants have elevated sweat ____ and _____ and low serum levels.

this is the most common diagnostic tool for the ID of cystic fibrosis based on the pilocarpine nitrate iontophoresis method.

80% of this predominant intracellular anion is contained in the bone.

This electrolyte facilitates oxygen delivery to the tissues, promotes energy transfer to cells through the formation of ATP, and is important for WBC phagocytosis?

loss of regulation by ____________ has the most profound effect on phosphate.

what vitamin increases phosphate in the blood by increasing phosphate absorption in the intestines?

what is the most important factor in the regulation of Phosphate? why?

What is the anticoagulant of choice for chloride collection?

reference ranges for Phosphate:
Serum
-Neonate:
-Child:
-Adult:
Urine 24 hr:

abnormal decrease of phosphate in the blood

why would long term treatment with total prenateral nutrition cause hypophosphatemia?

this disease can result from dietary phosphate deficiency, vit D deficiency or inherited disorder of Vit D or phosphorous metabolism.

what is an abnormal increase of phosphate in the blood called?

Neonates with underdeveloped PTH and Vit D metabolism are especially susceptible to what?

what is the average Mg content of the human body?

what electrolyte is an essential cofactor in >300 enzymes?

processed foods can cause inadequate intake of what electrolyte?

in what electrolyte will PTH increase renal reabsorption but aldosterone will have the opposite effect?

reference range for magnesium
serum/plasma:

What is an abnormally low Mg content of the blood called?

what is the least likely cause of severe magnesium deficency?

hypomagnesia patients are asymptomatic until serum levels fall below what level?

the most frequent symptoms of ________ involve cardiovascular, neuromuscular, psychiatric, and metabolic abnormalities.

What is the treatment for hypomagnesia?

what is abnormally high levels of Mg in the blood called?

what is the most common cause of hypermagnesemia?

most severe elevations of magnesium are usually a result of the combined effects of decreased _________ and increased intake of _______, ________, or ________.

Hypermagnesemia can associated with endocrine disorder can be caused by a decrease in excretion due to what?

bone carcinoma, dehydration, bone metastases, and addison's disease can cause what magnesium disorder?

symptoms of hypermagnesemia do not occur until the serum level exceeds what level?

normal hemostasis is ________-dependent.

elevated Mg levels may inhibit _____ release and target tissue response. This may lead to ________ and __________.

how is Mg percipitation avoided when collectiong a 24 hour urine specimen?

what are the three common colormimetric methods for Mg testing?

what percent of Ca is found in the bones?

what are the three forms of calcium and what percent of total calcium is each form?

what is the only form of calcium that is physiologically active?

Ionized calcium is elevated in __________ due to reabsorption of Ca.

hyperalbuminemia will increase total calcium but does not affect what?

This electrolyte plays a role in the formation and structure of bones and teeth; as well as the blood clotting process, and the release of hormones.

what are the three main factors that affect calcium regulation.

what is the effect that parathyroid hormone has on ionized calcium leves and phosphorous levels?

how does increase serum Ca?

What promotes calcium reabsorption from the bones and kidneys?

What are the sources of Vitamin D?

what is the hormone produced in the thyroid gland that acts as an antagonist to PTH in order to regulate Ca levels?

The reduction of blood calcium below normal level of 1.88 mmol/L

Hypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, and hypoalbuminemia are are all causes of what?

Primary hyperthyroidism, malignancies, and primay hyperparathyroidism are ally main causes of what disorder?

This is the major component of the buffering system in the blood.

a relative increase in total body acid and decreased bicarbonate that is compensated by hyperventilation indicates what disorder?

elevated CO2 concetration and increased pH that is compensated by hypoventilation indicates what disorder?

What is the normal pH of arterial blood?

this expresses acid-base relationship in a mathematical formula.

when kidneys and lungs are functioning properly what is the ratio of HCO3 to H2CO3?

An increase in the concentration of dissolved CO2 in the ECF which leads to increased carbonic acid and hydrogen ions.

excessive pulmonary ventilation that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in the ECF.

what does NPN stand for?

what is the realtionship between CO2 and pH?

what is the relationship between bicarbonate and pH?

the volume of plasma from which the kidneys can remove all of a given substance in a certain period of time, usually one minute.

this is the primary non protein nitrogenous compound which builds up in the blood.

what is the sole site of urea formation?

concentrations of this fairly stable compound vary with age and gender due to muscle mass.

This is the final breakdown product of purine metabolism.

this arises from the deamination of amino acids.

the indirect kinetic method utilizing urease reaction coupled with L-glutamate dehydrogenase and measures the rate of disappearance of NADH at 340nm is the methodolgy for the test for:

What is the reaction where creatinine reacts with picric acid in alkaline pH to form a red-orange chromogen?

what is the methodology for the uric acid test?

in this method uric acid is oxidized to allantoin, which functions as a reducing agent in many colorimetric reactions.

the test for ammonia provides an indication of of what disease?

what is the methodology for ammonia that uses glutamate dehydrogenase?

why does ammonia have to be placed on ice and analyzed as soon as possible?

the purpose of this test is the determine the amount of creatinine cleared from the blood by the kidneys.

this is produced at a constant rate by an individual therefore providing a basis for determining renal performance

what is the formula for calculating creatinine clearance

how many minutes are in 24 hours.