AU Western Civ Unit Test 2

• Horace in this statement is referring to 2 conquests.




• 1 is a usual conquest; one country conquered another or military conquest. 2 is a cultural conquest




• "captive greece" and "her RUDE conqueror". Rome is the rude conqueror.




• rude as Horace uses it means uncivilized. Horace was Roman too. Describing his own city as uncivilized. Horace is emphasizing rome's cultural inferiority or almost no culture at all




• the 2nd conquest is cultural.

• Cato the Elder: Felt Greek philosophy threatened traditional Roman Values. He felt that Socrates undermined respect for Athenian law and that Greek philosophy would lure Roman youth into subversive behavior.
• Cicero: He adopted the Greek stoic belief that natural law governs the universie and applies to all and that all belong to a common humanity. He thought the laws of the state should agree with natural law to create a moral bond among citizens.

He was watching Carthage burn and he quoted from the Illiad what the character said while Troy was burning. It illustrates that Scipio recognized the cycle of the rise and fall of empires because he wept for Rome since he knew it would fall eventually too.

• 1. The idea of a world empire
• 2. The preservation of the culture of ancient Greece
• 3. The Latin language
• 4. Roman Law
• 5.Christianity

• 1. Jesus was a Jew. His name Yeshu'a is jewish
• 2. His disciples were Jews. The first christians were jews who believed Jesus was the Messiah
• 3. He was a rabbi.
• 4. The bible of early Christians was the Jewish old testament
• 5. jesus follwed jewish law

• Sadducees: interpreted the Torah literally, reject concepts of resurrection and afterlife
• Pharisees: more flexible & allowed different interpretations of Mosaic Law. origin of all later forms of judaism
• Essenes: semimonastic community; had dead sea scrolls
• Zealots: patriots, acts of resistance to Rome, demanded jews neither pay taxes nor admit authority of emperor

• Jesus practices Jewish law
• Jesus is a rabbi
• He is the Messiah
• His ministry appeals to the poor, captives, blind, and opressed.

• Oikoumene is the whole inhabited earth. Paul saw the Christian community as a united church.
• Galations "There is neither jew nor greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus". These catagories represent the inhabited world and they are all one in Christ.

• Tasitus is a pagan Roman and doesn't like Christians.
• Nero is persecuting Christians to deflect the blame from him for starting the fire in Rome
• Tacitus says despite their guilt as Christians and the ruthless punishment it deserved, he felt bad for them because they were being sacrificed to 1 man's brutality rather than the national interest.

• similar language. Kingdom of God, sons of God, etc. Caesar was called Lord.
• Cult of Mithras: birthday of god dec 25th. Baptism, blood as a symbol, communal meal. Idea of eternal life, must uphold high standard of ethics.
• Christians offering alternative to empirical theology & cults that were accepted because sort of familiar.

• Edict of Milan issued by Constantine granted the toleration of all religion including Christianity so the persecution of Christians ended.
• Theodosius made Orthodox Christianity the official state religion of rome and banned paganism & other religions. Shows dark side of monotheism because instead of christians being persecuted it is now non-christians & unorthodox christians.

• conflict between faith and reason
• It is a metaphor. What has Greco-Roman culture (Athens) to do with Christianity (Jerusalem).
• Tertullian argues that Christians should stay away from greek philosophy because it will lead them into heresy and false doctrine.
• Clement believed that philosophy and christianity could work together. Philosophy is a clear image of the truth. The way of truth is one. Clements view prevails a 1000 years later. Idea that philosophy enriches Christianity.

• The first sacs of Rome by the visigoths prompted him to write it. It was kind of like 9/11 for us. Romans believed their city was eternal so it was a shock
• Pagans began to say that the city lasted when the romans were pagan but now that they're christian its made gods mad and causes this problem
• Augustine writes city of god to refute that claim. the full title is city of god against the pagan. He argues that there are 2 cities. 1 worldly earthy city and 1 heavenly city. Citizenship is not in the worldy city but the heavenly one.
• Gives Christians a different view of the fall of rome.

• 1. Byzantium: eastern half of the roman empire, the captial is constantinople.
• 2. Islam: the middle east and north africa.
• 3. Latin Christiandom: western half of the roman empire.
• Latin Christiandom was the "poor relation" because the barbaric germans had controlled it & couldnt maintain the organized administration

• Theophylact relfects the influence of Greek philosophy. He loves history and deems it "the common teacher of all men". He quotes Homer.
• Avincenna testifies to the continued importance of Greek philosophy in Muslim civiliation. He talks about how much he loves to learn and quotes Aristotle.

• 1. Greco-Roman Tradition: Latin, Roman Law, Greek and Latin learning
• 2. Christian Tradition: Roman Catholic church, the papacy, Monasticism

3. Germanic Tradition: Germanic (vernacular) languages, customary law

• classical learning almost dissapears in the west because of barbaric invasions
• Boethius translated some of the writings of Aristotle from Greek to Latin, inclding Aristotles writings on logic. also wrote commentarys on Aristotle and Cicero
• Cassiodorus understood the importance of preserveing ancient texts so he began the practice of copying ancient manuscripts

• Franks embraced the Roman form of Christianity and helped the church defend the papacy from Germans etc who adopted the Arian form of Christianity.
• Franks helped defeat the muslims
• Charlemagne took on the responsibility of spreading and defending the faith. Roman universalism was fused with Christian universalism.

• Carolingian Empire was ruled by Charlamagne who was Germanic. He was crowned Emperor of the Romans by the leader of the Christian church.
• During the Carolingian Renaissance he promotes classical (greek) learning in the Christian monastic schools of his kingdom.
• Charlamagne writes a letter to the Abbot talking about how he wants to use monastic schools to train clergymen in grammar writing and rhetoric.

• Feudalism was a political arrangement that consisted of a set of legal and military customs.
• A vassal was a knight who pledged loyalty to a lord. Vassals provided military service
• Fiefs were a piece of land. A vassal would get a fief to grow crops to support him
• Lords were people who owned lots of land and resided over vassals.

• Manorialism was the economic foundation of feudalism. A village community (manor) was the basis of the agricultural society.
• Lords controlled the manorial village that usually consisted of a dozen families. They defended it and administered law.
• Serfs worked on the manor in exchange for living there under the lord's protection. Eventually they were able to earn their freedom.

• Clergy: In charge of the church etc
• Lords: provided protection and military force
• Serfs: worked the land and agricultural part
• Economic changes allowed a middle class to emerge. this was because of serfs being freed and becomming peddlers, increased economic activity that led to new business techniques like currency conversion and pooling of capital.

• Pope Urban basically said that sacred Jerusalem was held captive by Muslims, enemies of the faith.
• Motives were defending Christian faith and extending authority of papacy
• chance for glory & wealth
• recovery of Christian holy lands

• Christians believed Jews killed Christ because they called for his crucifixion
• Saw their refusal to embrace Christianity as an act of wickedness

• Heresy: beliefs that challenged Christian orthodoxy
• Waldensians: followed Peter Waldo and committed themselves to poverty and preaching the Gospel in the vernacular instead of Latin
• Cathari: Believed in god of good and god of evil. didn't believe Jesus took on human flesh. The church was created by the evil god to pursue power and wealth

• Scholasticism: synthesis of Greek philosophy and Christian revelation. Basically the application of reason to revelation
• Goal was to explain that Christian faith had nothing to fear from reason. Christianity is accepted as truth by faith but can also be demonstrated as truth by reason.
• Abelard wrote Yes and No to show that the difference in opinions between the church ministers and what the bible said could be reconciled through reason

• Impact of rediscovering Aristotle was the intellectual awakening. It created universities where philosophy was used to advance theology.
• Exciting because Aristotle provided for christians a way to better understand and even prove the things that christians already professed to believe on faith. Gives Christians the tool of logic
• troubling because he was NOT a christian and in his writings there were some ideas very theatening to medieval Christians.

• His first proof was the argument from motion. He says things get moved by other things but how did it start? There had to be a "first mover" who is apparently God.
• His source for this proof is Aristotle's metaphysics.

• Vernacular: common language/native tongue
• Dante, The Divine Comedy, written in Italian. Tells the story of Virgil who goes through the many levels of limbo in hell.