LabPracticalReview

• 1. Spores
• 2. Seeds

• 1. Cuttings from leaves/stems
• 2. Corm/ bulb splitting
• 3. Tissue culturing

FERNS

Parts of a plant (stem,leaves) may be cut from adult plant and forced to root and develop into new plant.

A corm is a swollen stem base.

Example: Gladiolus and Taro

A bulb is a swollen leaf base/s or swollen leaves

Example: Onions and Garlic, and Lillies and Tulips

Cells from an adult plant may be forced to grow into undifferentiated callus. The callus may then be stimulated to form roots and shoots to grow into an adult plant.

A fruit is a ripened ovary, and contains the seed

A seed is a fertilized ovule, it contains the embryo.

1. Albuminous: endosperm is abundant. (corn)

2. Exalbuminous: endosperm is sparse or absent. (pea)

• 1. Seed Coat
• 2. Embryo
• 3. Cotyledons
• 4. Endosperm

• 1. Endocarp
• 2. Mesocarp
• 3. Excocarp

Seed germination is the growth of an embryo into a plant. Germination requires water, oxygen, and optimum temperature.

TZ is a compound that forms a red compound (Formazon) when reduced. When living cells are exposed to TZ, they turn red. When dead cells are exposed they do not turn anything.

Contain large vacuoles for storage. Chlorenchyma when chloroplasts are present.

-- Succulent Leaf

Supportive tissue with localized thickenings of the cell wall. Underneath the epidermis. Living at maturity.

-- Cucumber

Supportive tissue with extremely thick cell walls. Dead at maturity.

• -pyrus (schlerids)
• -zea (vessels)
• -cucumber

• 1. Guard Cells (zebrina)
• 2. Trichomes (geranium)
• 3. Secretory Cells (swedish ivy)
• 4. Cork Cambium (tilia)- lateral meristem

• 1. xylem
• 2. phloem

Transports water from roots to the rest of the plant.

Vessel Elements (lignified, dead)

Transports sugars from leaves to rest of plant.

• -sieve tube members (living cells joined)
• -companion cells

Roots are the underground portion of the plant. Their function is anchorage, water absorption and minerals, synthesis of some plant hormones, stores food.

Dicots, Gymnosperms

Monocots

The apical meristem. Meristematic cells continuall divide, enlarge and differentiate.

Found in habitats with moderate raindall and seasonal drought.

--Southen pine, eucalyptus, junipers

Found in habitats with abundant water or in habitats with very little rainfall.

-- oak, beech

Covers the apical meristem, and protects the meristem from damage.

Its function is new cell formation.

Anchorage and increases surface area for absorption.

The protoderm is the outermost layer of cells across the top of the apical meristem. Some cell continue to divide here and some will develop into the epidermis and root hairs.

The procambium is a long, narrow cells of a meristem, they continue to divide. Some of their progeny cells will develop into vascular tissues.

Ground meristem is uniform parenchyma above the apical meristem and it produces ground tissue.

• 1. Cortex: parenchyma cells loosely packed together, intercellular spaces store starch and other materials.
• 2. Endodermis: selective absorption of minerals from cortex into vascular cylinder. (Casparian Strip- special chemical deposit in the endodermis)
• 3. Vascular Cylinder:
• -pericycle: outermost layer
• -xylem: solid core in center
• -phloem: between the arms of the xylem and extending outward
• 4. Epidermis: curin, hairs

• Xerophytes are plants that are adapted to living in arig regions.
• -thick cuticle
• -multiple layers of epidermal cells
• -sunken stoma
• -spongy parenchyma may have water stored in intercellular spaces
• -stoma located on lower surface of the leaf

Plants that grow in regions with moderate amounts of rainfall. Stoma is located on both upper and lower side of leaf, more on the lower side.

• Plants partially submerged in water
• -thin cuticle
• -stoma located on upper surface of leaf
• -poorly developed xylem tissue
• -spongy intercelular spaces contain air

• 1. Nitrogen
• 2. Phosphorus
• 3. Potassium

• 1. Calcium
• 2. Magnesium
• 3. Sulfur

• 1. Boron
• 2. Copper
• 3. Iron
• 4. Chloride
• 5. Manganese
• 6. Zinc

The loss of green color, caused by loss of chloroplasts and pigment molecules from lack of light or nutrients.

N, P, Mg, Fe, K

Ca, B, Mn

• 1. Plant is a light green
• 2. Lower leaves are yellow
• 3. Drying to light brown color
• 4. Stalks short and slender if elemenet is deficient in later stages of growth

• 1. Plant dark green (often developing red and purple colors)
• 2. Lower leaves sometimes yellow
• 3. Drying to greenish brown or black color
• 4. Stalks short and slender if element is deficient in later stages of growth

• 1. young leave of terminal bud at first typically hooked
• 2. finally dying back at tips and margins, so that later growth is characterized by a cut-out appearance at these points
• 3. stalk finally dies at terminal bud

Annuals

Biennials

Perennials

YES

Secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Tubers are the tips of rhizomes that become enlarged with the storage of food.

Stem that superficially resemble bulbs, but consist of mostly stem tissue. Leaves are similar and thinner than those of bulbs.

Creeping stems that grow horizontally on soil surface.

Large buds, each consisting of a small stem and numerous fleshy storage leaves.

Example: onion bulb

• 1. Simple- single carpel or several fused carpels
• 2. Aggregate- single flower many pistils
• 3. Multiple- many flowers

A drupe is a fleshy fruit in which the pericarp retains water. The endocarp is lignified (pit).

Fleshy fruit, percarp retains water. Fleshy endocarp.

Papery endocarp

Dry fruit. Splits in two seams; one carpel. Dry pericarp

Dry fruit. Splits in one seam; one carpel

Dry fruit. Variable number of splits; several carpels

Pericarp stays in tact. Seed not fused to pericarp

Pericarp stays in tact. Seed fused to pericarp.

Pericarp stays in tact. Winged pericarp