Psyc 260

• female: vagina, uterus, ovaries,
• male: penis, testes, scrotum, prostate

• at puberty
• female: growth spurt, mamerys,widening hips, fat deposits, further primary development
• male: enlarged larnyx, deepening voice, face/chest hair, coarser skin, large heightening

• estrogens: females
• androgens: males

• cultures expectation for masculine or feminine behaviour,
• attitudes, actions, personality traits,

process of aquiring gender role characteristics

individuals sense of being male or female

hormones and chromosomes

parenting, surroundings, and culture on formation of identity

gender identity is formed through reinforcement of appropriate gender behaviour as well as imitation of gender models

theory of gender identity acquisition in which a child developes a mental pattern, or schema, ffor being male or female and then organizes observed and learned behaviour around that schema

a concept held about a person or group basedd on superficial, irrelevent characteristics

a concept held about a person or group based on gender

prejudice about males or females leading to unequal treatment

acceptance of posative stereotypes of malles and females that leads to unequal treatment

characteristic of possesing the most positive personality characteristics of males or females regardless of actual sex

• male advantage in math and spacial skills
• female advantage in verbal skills

• males tend to use report
• females tend to use relate

posses bothe male and female sex organs

• excitement
• plateau
• orgasm
• resolution
• (male) refractory period

a persons attraction or preferance for members of a particular sex

person atracted to oposite sex

person atracted to same sex

person atracted to both sexes

caused by physical disorder

caused by mind( eg. stress)

abnormally low desire for sexual activity

fear and gisgust of sexual contact

desire is present but physical discomfort and lack of pleasure are experienced during sex

male cannot maintain erection long enough for sex

male cannot achieve orgasm through vaginal stimulation, even though fully aroused

female cannot achieve orgasm even if fully aroused

male orgasms shortly after penetration

sexual disorder where persons preferd method of sexual arousal and fulfillment is through sexual behavior that is unusual or socially unacceptable

deriving sexual pleasure from touching or having sexual relations with prepubescents or fantasizing about such

a object or part of the body is the focus of sexual arousal

exposure of normally clothed parts of body to unsuspecting and usually unwilling viewers."flashing"

obtain sexual arousal and gratification through watching others engage in sexual behaviuor or undress. "peeping"

becoming sexually aroused or gratified throught rubbing against a unwilling person, usually in crowded public place

sexual arousal comes from touching or having intercourse with a corpse

sexual arousal and pleasure comes from wearing clothing of oposite sex

can affect sexual organs and ability to reproduce, may result in pain, disfigurment, and death

• Chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea
• antibiotic treatable

• genital herpes(also cold sores virus) and genital warts
• niether curable and can lead to complications such as higher cancer risk

• causes deterioration of imune system
• drug treatments, no cure

the activation of receptors in the various sense organs

specialized forms of neurons

• eyes
• ears
• nose
• skin
• taste buds

the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time

the smallest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is present

candle flame 30 miles off on clear dark night

watch tick 20 feet away in quiet room

one drop of perfume diffused throughout a three room apartment

1 teaspoon of sugar in 2 galons of water

a bees wing falling on the cheek from 1 cm above

• stimuli that are below the level of concious awareness
• just strong enough to activate receptors but unaware of them

threshold, below threshold

process by why subliminal stimuli act upon unconscious mind, inflencing behaviour

tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information

tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging

constant movemant of the eyes, tiny little vibrations called that people do not notice consciously; prevents sensory adaptation to visual stimuli

determined by amplitude of the wave- how high or low the wave actually is.

• determened by wavelength
• longer red shorter blue

refers to the purity of the colour people see; mixing in black or gray would also lessen the saturation

clear membrane that covers eye surface; protects the eye and is the structure that focuses most of the light coming into the eye

vision- improving tchnique that uses this fact by making small incisions in the cornea to change the focus of the eye

next visual layer; fluid that nourshes the eye

hole through which visual light enters the eye

round muscel that increase/deacreases light that enters eye

another clear structure behind the iris, suspended by muscles; finishes the focusing process begun by the cornea

the change in thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are far or close away

jelly-like fluid called that also nourishes the eye and gives it the shape

• contains 3 layers:
• ganglion cells, bipolar cells

noncolour activity

colour vision and sharpness of vision

proposes three types of cones

proposes four primary colours with cones arranged in pairs

have no cones or have non working cones

either red or green cones not working

frequency or pitch (high medium or low

volume

timbre (richness of sound)

waves per second, frequency

short tunnel that runs from pinna to eardrum

covers opening to middle ear

snail shaped structure of inner ear that is filled with fluid

rests in the basilar membrane contains receptors for hearing

bundle of axons frome hair cells in inner ear; recieves neural message from organ of corti

damage in conduction to nerves

• damage in inner ear
• damage in auditory pathways

sense of taste

• sweet
• sour
• salty
• bitter
• "brothy"

sense of smell

areas of brain that recieve information from olfactory receptor cells

body senses consiting of skin sense, kinesthetic sense, and vestibular senses

touch, pressure, tempurature and pain

sensation of movement, balance, and body position

how sensations are experianced

size shape and brightness stay the same

tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background

tendancy to precieve like things as part of same group

tendancy to complete figures that are incomplete

precieve things in patterns

3d precieving

one eye

both eyes

from normal

a persons awareness of everything thats going on around him/her at a given moment

state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized and a person feels alert

state when there is a shift in quality or paternn of mental activity compared to waking conciousness

a cycle of bodily rythm that occurs over a 24 hour period

section of the brain that influences the glandular system

internal clock for wake cycle

shorter days make mind more depression prone

proposing animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when they are most active

proposing sleep is necessary to physical health of body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cell damage

less as age, 6-12

• REM
• NREM:
• stage one light
• stage 2 sleep spindles( breif busts of activity)
• 3 and 4 pronounced delta waves

increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM on earlier nights

when the mechanism that blocks the movement of volentary muscles fails

occures during deep sleep

rare disorder in which a person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during sleep

bad dreams during REM

inability to get a good quality of sleep

disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a min or more

sleep disorder in which a person falls immediatly into REM during the day without warning

actual dream

true hidden meaning of a dream

states that dreams are created by higher cortex centers to explain activation by brain stem corticle cells during REM periods

information durning waking hours can have influence in dreams

hypnosis only in a persons immediate consciousness while a hidden observer remained aware of all

people do what they think normally hypnotised people do

• tolerance: more needed to have same effect
• withdrawal: physical symptoms from not having it

mind needs it

• increase nervous system function
• amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine

• decrease nervous system functioning
• barbituates, benzodiazepines, alcohol

• opium related drugs that supress pain
• opium, morphine, heroin

• produce hallucinations or increased relaxation and intoxication
• LSD, PCP, MDMA, Mescaline, Psilocybin, marijuana