Matter with definite weight & volume, but NO shape.
Gases:
Matter with definite weight, but indefinite volume & shape.
List the 2 ways that matter can be changed from to another.
1) Physical Change:
Change in the physical characteristics of a substance without creating a new substance.
2) Chemical Change:
Change in a substance that creates a new substance with chemical characteristics different from those of the original substance.
Organic Chemistry:
Deals with all matter that is now living or was alive at one time. Has carbone present, such as plants and animals.
Inorganic Chemistry:
Studies all matter that is not alive. Has never been alive & does not contain carbon, such as rocks,water & minerals.
Define Element:
Basic sutances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
List the 5 elements that are skin, hair, & nails.
1) Carbon
2) Oxygen
3) Hydrogen
4) Nitrogen
5) Sulfer
Define Atoms:
Are smallest comlpete unit of an element.
List & define the 3 main parts of an Atom.
1) Protons- Have positve electrical charge & identify the atom.
2) Neutrons- Have no electrical charge, they are neutral (it determines the weight of the atom).
3) Electrons- Have a negitive electrical charge. They make it possible for atoms to unite with other atoms to form bonds, under sertain circumstances.
Define Molecule:
When unstable atoms combine chemically by sharing electrons, they form a molecule. A molecule is two or more atoms joined together by a chemical bond.
Define a Compound:
Different atoms joined together as molecules become the smallest part of a compound.
Amino Acids join together in chains to become (a)__
a) Proteins
Hair is made of (a)__% Keratin protein & (b)__% trace minerals.
a) 97%
b) 3%
List the 4 side bonds:
1) Hydrogen Bonds
2) Salt Bonds
3) Disulfide Bonds
4) van der Waal's Forces
Which side bond is the most important when perming or chemical relaxing?
Disulfide Bond
List the 6 stages of hair formation:
1) Hair begins with individual atoms, that smallest unit of matter.
2) These atoms unit by sharing electrons to become molecules of amino acids.
3) One end of one amino acid bonds to the opposite end of another to form the peptide or end bond.
4) The amino acids create polypeptide protein chains.
5) The individual protein chains bond side-to-side to other chains by hydrogen, salt, disulfide bonds & van der Waal's Forces.
6) The bonding of protein chains to other protein chains make human hair.
What does pH stand for?
Potential Hydrogen
What is pH?
A unit of measurement that indicates whether a substance is acidic, neutral, or alkaline.
The pH measurement scale ranges from (a)__ to (a)__ with number (b)__ as neutral. Numbers less then 7 indicate (c)__ while numbers greater the 7 indicate (d)__.
a) 0 to 14
b) 7
c) Acid
d) Alkaline
The scale is Logarithmic, which means?
Each step or number increases by multiples of 10.
pH Balanced means?
The pH is balanced at a certain number.
Acid Balanced means?
Balanced within the acid range of 4.5 to 5.5
Solutions:
Mixtures of 2 or more kinds of molecules, evenly dispersed. (1 of 6 Cosmetic Classifications)
Suspensions:
Mixtures of 2 or more kinds of molecules BUT have a tendency to seperate when left standing & need to be shaken before used. (2 of 6 Cosmetic Classifications)
Emulsions:
Formed when 2 or more nonmixable substances are united with the help of a binder. (3 of 6 Cosmetic Classifications)
Ointments:
Mixtures of organic susbstances & medical agents. Usually found in a semi-solid form. (4 of 6 Cosmetic Classifications)
Soaps:
Mixtures of fats & oils converted to fatty acids by heat & then purified. (5 of 6 Cosmetic Classifications)
Powders:
Equal mixtures of inorganic & organic substances that do not dissolve in water & that have been sifted & mixed until free of course gritty particles. (6 of 6 Cosmetic Classifications)
What is considered a Universal Solvent?
Water
What are 2 items the Universal Solvents cannot dissolve?
Oil & Wax
Dilute Solution:
Contains small quantity of solute in comparison to the quantity of solvent.
Concentrated Solution:
Contains large quantity of solute in comparison to the quantity of solvent.
Saturated Solution:
Cannot take or dissolve more of the solute then it already holds at a given temperature.
What is a Surfactant?
A cleansing agent the removes oil & dirt from hair.
Describe the 2 part molecule of a suface active agent.
1) Water loving Hydrophilic (attracted to water)
2) Oil loving Lipophilic (attrated to oil)
What is the differance between soft & hard water?
Hard Water- Contains salt of calcium, magnisium, and other minerals.
Soft Water- Contains very small amounts of minerals.
List 2 ways water can be purified:
1) Sedimentation
2) Filtration
List the 12 Shampoos:
1) All Purpose
2) Acid Balanced (Non-stripping)
3) Plain
4) Soapless
5) Medicated
6) Clearifying
7) Ani-Dandiruff
8) Liquid Dry
9) Powder Dry
10) Conditioning
11) Color
12) Shampoo for Thinning Hair
List the 8 Rinses & Conditioners:
Rinses
1) Vinegar & Lemon (acid) Rinses
2) Cream Rinses
3) Medicated Rinses
Conditioners4) Instant Conditioner
5) Normalizing Conditioner
6) Body Building Conditioner
7) Moisturizing Conditioner
8) Customized Conditioner
Amines/ Quats:
Make the hair easier to comb & control static.
Dimethicones:
Give softness to feel of hair without weighing down. They are a form of silicone.
Fatty Alcohols & Acids:
Give hair a smooth feel when dry & make it easier to comb through. Creamy in texture & helps retain moisture.
Rebonding Lotion is also reffered to as:
Neutralizer
Waving Lotion is also reffered to as:
Processing Lotion
pH of Alkaline Waves:
8.0-9.5
pH of Acid Waves:
6.9-7.2
What chemical is added to shorten the processing time of Alkaline Waving?
Ammonium Hydroxide
What chemical is responsible for the swelling that occurs when using an Alkaline Wave?
Ammonium Hydroxide
What is the main chemical ingredient found in Acid Waves?
Glyceryl Monothioglycolate
The main ingredient found in most Neutralizers is either (a)__ (a)__, (b)__ (b)__, or (c)__ (c)__.
a) Hydrogen Peroxide
b) Sodium Peroborate
c) Sodium Bromate
pH of Sodium Hydroxide Relaxer:
11.5-14
pH of Ammonium Thyoglcolate Relaxer:
8.8-9.5
Which of the 2 relaxers is irreversible?
Sodium Hydroxide
What is curl reformation/soft curl perm?
A service used to loosen the texture of curly to tightly curled hair.
What bonds are rearranged in Perming, Relaxing & Curl Reformation?
Disulfide Bond
List the 5 General Categories that haircolor products fall into:
1) Non-Oxidative
2) Oxidative
3) Lighteners
4) Developers
5) Vegetable, Metallic, & Compound Dyes
Define Oxidants:
(Often called Developers) They are products that have the ability to release oxygen which is needed for a chemical change.
What color is also reffer to as Analine Derivative Tints?
Permanent Hair Color
Paraphenylene Diamine is found in what color product?
Permanent Hair Color
Lightening the hair is also referred to as (a)__ or (b)__.
a) Bleaching
b) Decolorizing
Lightening that hair always involove (a)__ of the natural (b)__ in the hair.
a) Oxidation
b) Melanin
Since activators can double the strength of Hydrogen Peroxide, no higher the (a)__ volume is recommended when mixing for an on-the-scalp application.
a) 20 Volume
What product is the most common developer or oxidizing agent used in hair coloring & lightening.
Hydrogen Poroxide
What is the pH of Peroxide?
2.5-4.5
What is a Hydrometer?
Used to measure the strength (volume) of Hydrogen Peroxide.
What is usually the shelf life of Hydrogen Peroxide?
3 Years
Why are Vegetable, Metallic, & Compound dyes not used professionally?
Because they are potentially harmful to you & your client & cannot have ANY chemical services preformed on/over them.
Ingredients Commonly found in Moisturizers:
(Function as a moisture barrier or attract moisture from environment)
Cetyl Alcohol (Fatty Alcohol)
Dimethicone Silicone
Isopropyl Lanolate
Palmitate
Lanolin/Lanolin Alcohols & Oils
Ingredients Commonly found in Preservatives & Antioxidents:
(Prevent product discoloration)
Trisodium
Tetrasodium Edatate
Tocopherol
Ingredients Commonly found in Antimicrobials:
(Fight bacteria)
Butyl
Propyl
Ethyl
Phenoxyethanol
Quaternium-15
Ingredients Commonly found in Thickeners:
(Used in stick products)
Candelilla
Carnauba
Microcrystalline Waxes
Carbomer
Ployethlene Thickeners
Ingredients Commonly found in Solvents:
(Used to dilute)
Butylene Glycol
Propylene Glycol
Cyclomethicone
Ethanol
Glycerin
Ingredients Commonly found in Emulsifiers:
(Breaks up & refines)
Glyceryl Monostearate
Laurmide DEA
Polysorbates
What are the 3 wyas of testing pH?
1) Nitrazine (pH) Paper
2) pH Pencil
3) pH Meter
List the pH for the following Shampoo & Condtioners:
a) Acid Balanced Shampoo-
b) Alkaline Shampoo-
c) Acidifying Conditioner-
d) Deep Penetrating Conditioner-